Memory
● Photographs can trigger our memories and bring past experiences back to life.
● Encoding-> Storage-> Retrieval
○ Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system. Storage is
the retention of the encoded information. Retrieval, or getting the information out
of memory and back into awareness, is the third function.
● When you first learn new skills such as driving a car, you have to put forth effort and
attention to encode information about how to start a car, how to brake, how to handle a
turn, and so on. Once you know how to drive, you can encode additional information
about this skill automatically.
● Sensory Input-> Sensory memory-> Short-Term Memory-> Long term Memory
○ Sensory memory can be information not transferred and lost
○ Short-Term information not transferred is lost
○ According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, information passes through
three distinct stages in order for it to be stored in long-term memory.
● The Stroop effect describes why it is difficult for us to name a color when the word and
the color of the word are different.
● Work through this series of # using the recall exercise explained above to determine the
longest strings of digits that you can store.
● Long Term Memory Splits in Two
○ Explicit(declarative)
■ Episodic(experienced events)
■ Semantic(knowledge and concepts)
○ Implicit (Non-declarative)
■ Procedural(skills and actions)
■ Emotional conditioning
● The Amygdala is involved in fear and fear memories. The hippocampus is associated
with declarative and episodic memory as well as recognition memory. The cerebellum
plays a role in processing procedural memories, such as how to play the piano. The
prefrontal cortex appears to be involved in remembering semantic tasks.
● Most people can remember where they were when they first heard about the 9/11
terrorist attacks. This is an example of a flashbulb memory: a record of an atypical and
unusual event that has very strong emotional associations.
● Retrograde Amnesia: Memory problems that extend back in time before the injury and
prevent retrieval of information previously stored in long-term memory
● Anterograde amnesia: memory problems that extend forward in time from the point of
injury and prevent the information of new memories are called anterograde amnesia.
● In studying cases when DNA evidence has exonerated people from crimes, the
Innocence Project discovered that eyewitness misidentification is the leading cause of
wrongful convictions
● When people are asked leading questions about an event, their memory of the event
may be altered.
● The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve shows how quickly memory for new information
decays.
● Photographs can trigger our memories and bring past experiences back to life.
● Encoding-> Storage-> Retrieval
○ Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system. Storage is
the retention of the encoded information. Retrieval, or getting the information out
of memory and back into awareness, is the third function.
● When you first learn new skills such as driving a car, you have to put forth effort and
attention to encode information about how to start a car, how to brake, how to handle a
turn, and so on. Once you know how to drive, you can encode additional information
about this skill automatically.
● Sensory Input-> Sensory memory-> Short-Term Memory-> Long term Memory
○ Sensory memory can be information not transferred and lost
○ Short-Term information not transferred is lost
○ According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, information passes through
three distinct stages in order for it to be stored in long-term memory.
● The Stroop effect describes why it is difficult for us to name a color when the word and
the color of the word are different.
● Work through this series of # using the recall exercise explained above to determine the
longest strings of digits that you can store.
● Long Term Memory Splits in Two
○ Explicit(declarative)
■ Episodic(experienced events)
■ Semantic(knowledge and concepts)
○ Implicit (Non-declarative)
■ Procedural(skills and actions)
■ Emotional conditioning
● The Amygdala is involved in fear and fear memories. The hippocampus is associated
with declarative and episodic memory as well as recognition memory. The cerebellum
plays a role in processing procedural memories, such as how to play the piano. The
prefrontal cortex appears to be involved in remembering semantic tasks.
● Most people can remember where they were when they first heard about the 9/11
terrorist attacks. This is an example of a flashbulb memory: a record of an atypical and
unusual event that has very strong emotional associations.
● Retrograde Amnesia: Memory problems that extend back in time before the injury and
prevent retrieval of information previously stored in long-term memory
● Anterograde amnesia: memory problems that extend forward in time from the point of
injury and prevent the information of new memories are called anterograde amnesia.
● In studying cases when DNA evidence has exonerated people from crimes, the
Innocence Project discovered that eyewitness misidentification is the leading cause of
wrongful convictions
● When people are asked leading questions about an event, their memory of the event
may be altered.
● The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve shows how quickly memory for new information
decays.
