NUSCTX 10S Flashcards Set for
Midterm #1 Exam Questions with
Correct Answers
Potential Energy - Answer-The energy stored within an object. This stored object is
based on the state, arrangement, or position of the object.
Heat - Answer-There is a mechanical equivalent of heat or a caloric equivalent of
heat.
1 kcal - Answer-- Equals Increase of 1 kg of water 1 degrees C
- Equals 1000 calories
What we eat - Answer--Protein
-Carbohydrate
-Fat
How we use energy - Answer--Basal metabolism
-Thermic effect of food (TEF)
-Physical activity
-Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
Estimating Energy(kcal) Content of Food using a Bomb Calorimeter - Answer-Direct
Calorimetry:
1.) Burn food.
2.) Measure heat given off.
DOES NOT tell how efficiently our bodies would use a food.
Basal Metabolic Rate(BMR) - Answer--The rate at which the body uses energy while
at rest to keep vital functions going.
-If heat(kcal) produced by the body at rest is a result of BMR, then:
1.) The hippo produces more total heat (kcal).
2.) The birds produce more heat per body weight (ie kcal/kg).
Surface Law - Answer-The metabolic rate (heat production per unit time) of an
animal is proportional to their respective surface area.
Prediction of Basal Metabolic Rate - Answer-Metabolic rate is proportional to weight
(kg) to the 3/4 power.
- We estimate the energy used for Basal Metabolism by measuring BMR
-Ways of Measuring BMR are:
1.) Direct calorimetry
2.) Indirect calorimetry: the amount of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide
expelled.
3.) Stable isotopes methods
,A Framework for Human Energy Production - Answer-1.) Concentrations Gradient
are necessary to produce energy.
2.) Formation of concentration gradients require energy.
Concentration Gradient - Answer-Particles, called solutes, move from an area of
higher number of particles to an area of lower number of particles. The areas are
typically separated by a membrane.
Respiration - Answer-A process in living organisms involving the production of
energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the
oxidation of complex organic substances(nutrients, food).
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) - Answer-A series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical
reactions that form a key part of aerobic respiration in cells. This cycle is also called
the Krebs cycle and the citric acid cycle.
Methods for Assessing Body Composition - Answer--Bioelectric impedance analysis
-Skinfold thickness
-Underwater weighing
-Dilution methods
-Radiologic methods
Factors affecting BMR - Answer-Age, Growth, Height, % lean tissue, Fasting,
starvation, malnutrition, Fever, Hormones: thyroxin, sleep
Energy Balance - Answer-Energy balance = Energy In(the food you eat) - Energy
Out(expenditures)
-Positive Energy Balance: you eat more energy than you use (gain weight)
-Negative Energy Balance: you eat less energy than you use (lose weight)
Energy Out - Answer-1) Basal Metabolism: Energy to maintain life processes ( About
70% of total energy used by body depends on lean body mass; illness, previously
consumed food environmental temperature, stress, can affect energy expenditure as
well as one's BMR.)
2) Thermic effect of food: Energy cost for digestion(about 10% kcal eaten, Fat: 0-5%,
Carbohydrate: 5-10%, Protein: 20-30%, Alcohol: 20%)
3) Adaptive Thermogenesis: Heat production, shivering, excessive heat from
overeating, Adaption to trauma, stress, VERY DIFFERENT for different people, NOT
usually included in energy calculations.
4) Physical Activity : Running 10 mph = 897kcal/hour, Walking 3.75 mph = 299,
Walking 2.5 mph = 204, Riding the bus = 118, Sleeping = 18, (You would have to run
39 miles at that rate to lose 3500kcal = 1lb fat).
Polysaccharides that are polymers of glucose - Answer-Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) - Answer-Nutrient reference values that serve as a
guide for good nutrition and as the scientific basis for the development of food
guidelines in the U.S. published by the Institute of Medicine (IOM).
Applications of the DRIs - Answer--Nutrition labels
, -Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
-National School Lunch Program
-Military feeding programs
-Diet planning
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) - Answer--Represents average nutrient
need. Use only to evaluate adequacy of diets of groups, NOT individuals.
-Intake of a nutrient that maintains adequacy in 50% of a healthy population
-Used to determine nutrient needs of POPULATIONS
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) - Answer--Used to evaluate current intake
for a specific nutrient. The further intake strays above or below this value, the greater
the likelihood a person will develop nutrition-related problems.
-Average daily intake of a nutrient that maintains adequacy in 97-98% of a healthy
population
-Used to determine nutrient needs of INDIVIDUALS
Adequate Intake (AI) - Answer--Used to evaluate current intake for a specific
nutrient, realizing that an AI implies that further research is required before scientists
can establish a more definitive intake amount needed to set an RDA.
-Average daily intake of a nutrient that is assumed to maintain adequacy in a healthy
population
-Based on observations and estimates from experiments-but lacks enough evidence
to establish and RDA
-For example: vitamin D(infants), vitamin K, fluoride, chromium
-Not enough research to definitely say X amount is enough for 97-98% of the
population
Upper Level (UL) - Answer--Used to evaluate the highest amount of daily nutrient
intake that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in the long run. This value
applies to chronic use and is set to protect even very susceptible people in the
healthy general population. As intake rises higher than UL, the potential for adverse
effects generally increases.
-Highest average daily intake that has not been observed to have adverse effects on
a healthy population.
-Consumption of a nutrient at levels above the UL is not considered safe.
-Not a recommended level of intake, but the most tolerable level.
Relationship between DRI Values Graph - Answer-1.)EAR 2.)RDA 3.)UL 4.)AI
Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) - Answer--Used to estimate energy needs
according to height, weight, gender, age, and physical activity pattern.
-Average energy intake needed to maintain energy balance
-Energy input = Energy output
-Amount you eat compared to amount you exercise/exert energy
-Based on age, gender, weight, height, physical activity
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) - Answer--Used to determine
whether percent of calories from each macronutrient falls within suggested range.
Midterm #1 Exam Questions with
Correct Answers
Potential Energy - Answer-The energy stored within an object. This stored object is
based on the state, arrangement, or position of the object.
Heat - Answer-There is a mechanical equivalent of heat or a caloric equivalent of
heat.
1 kcal - Answer-- Equals Increase of 1 kg of water 1 degrees C
- Equals 1000 calories
What we eat - Answer--Protein
-Carbohydrate
-Fat
How we use energy - Answer--Basal metabolism
-Thermic effect of food (TEF)
-Physical activity
-Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
Estimating Energy(kcal) Content of Food using a Bomb Calorimeter - Answer-Direct
Calorimetry:
1.) Burn food.
2.) Measure heat given off.
DOES NOT tell how efficiently our bodies would use a food.
Basal Metabolic Rate(BMR) - Answer--The rate at which the body uses energy while
at rest to keep vital functions going.
-If heat(kcal) produced by the body at rest is a result of BMR, then:
1.) The hippo produces more total heat (kcal).
2.) The birds produce more heat per body weight (ie kcal/kg).
Surface Law - Answer-The metabolic rate (heat production per unit time) of an
animal is proportional to their respective surface area.
Prediction of Basal Metabolic Rate - Answer-Metabolic rate is proportional to weight
(kg) to the 3/4 power.
- We estimate the energy used for Basal Metabolism by measuring BMR
-Ways of Measuring BMR are:
1.) Direct calorimetry
2.) Indirect calorimetry: the amount of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide
expelled.
3.) Stable isotopes methods
,A Framework for Human Energy Production - Answer-1.) Concentrations Gradient
are necessary to produce energy.
2.) Formation of concentration gradients require energy.
Concentration Gradient - Answer-Particles, called solutes, move from an area of
higher number of particles to an area of lower number of particles. The areas are
typically separated by a membrane.
Respiration - Answer-A process in living organisms involving the production of
energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the
oxidation of complex organic substances(nutrients, food).
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) - Answer-A series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical
reactions that form a key part of aerobic respiration in cells. This cycle is also called
the Krebs cycle and the citric acid cycle.
Methods for Assessing Body Composition - Answer--Bioelectric impedance analysis
-Skinfold thickness
-Underwater weighing
-Dilution methods
-Radiologic methods
Factors affecting BMR - Answer-Age, Growth, Height, % lean tissue, Fasting,
starvation, malnutrition, Fever, Hormones: thyroxin, sleep
Energy Balance - Answer-Energy balance = Energy In(the food you eat) - Energy
Out(expenditures)
-Positive Energy Balance: you eat more energy than you use (gain weight)
-Negative Energy Balance: you eat less energy than you use (lose weight)
Energy Out - Answer-1) Basal Metabolism: Energy to maintain life processes ( About
70% of total energy used by body depends on lean body mass; illness, previously
consumed food environmental temperature, stress, can affect energy expenditure as
well as one's BMR.)
2) Thermic effect of food: Energy cost for digestion(about 10% kcal eaten, Fat: 0-5%,
Carbohydrate: 5-10%, Protein: 20-30%, Alcohol: 20%)
3) Adaptive Thermogenesis: Heat production, shivering, excessive heat from
overeating, Adaption to trauma, stress, VERY DIFFERENT for different people, NOT
usually included in energy calculations.
4) Physical Activity : Running 10 mph = 897kcal/hour, Walking 3.75 mph = 299,
Walking 2.5 mph = 204, Riding the bus = 118, Sleeping = 18, (You would have to run
39 miles at that rate to lose 3500kcal = 1lb fat).
Polysaccharides that are polymers of glucose - Answer-Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) - Answer-Nutrient reference values that serve as a
guide for good nutrition and as the scientific basis for the development of food
guidelines in the U.S. published by the Institute of Medicine (IOM).
Applications of the DRIs - Answer--Nutrition labels
, -Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
-National School Lunch Program
-Military feeding programs
-Diet planning
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) - Answer--Represents average nutrient
need. Use only to evaluate adequacy of diets of groups, NOT individuals.
-Intake of a nutrient that maintains adequacy in 50% of a healthy population
-Used to determine nutrient needs of POPULATIONS
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) - Answer--Used to evaluate current intake
for a specific nutrient. The further intake strays above or below this value, the greater
the likelihood a person will develop nutrition-related problems.
-Average daily intake of a nutrient that maintains adequacy in 97-98% of a healthy
population
-Used to determine nutrient needs of INDIVIDUALS
Adequate Intake (AI) - Answer--Used to evaluate current intake for a specific
nutrient, realizing that an AI implies that further research is required before scientists
can establish a more definitive intake amount needed to set an RDA.
-Average daily intake of a nutrient that is assumed to maintain adequacy in a healthy
population
-Based on observations and estimates from experiments-but lacks enough evidence
to establish and RDA
-For example: vitamin D(infants), vitamin K, fluoride, chromium
-Not enough research to definitely say X amount is enough for 97-98% of the
population
Upper Level (UL) - Answer--Used to evaluate the highest amount of daily nutrient
intake that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in the long run. This value
applies to chronic use and is set to protect even very susceptible people in the
healthy general population. As intake rises higher than UL, the potential for adverse
effects generally increases.
-Highest average daily intake that has not been observed to have adverse effects on
a healthy population.
-Consumption of a nutrient at levels above the UL is not considered safe.
-Not a recommended level of intake, but the most tolerable level.
Relationship between DRI Values Graph - Answer-1.)EAR 2.)RDA 3.)UL 4.)AI
Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) - Answer--Used to estimate energy needs
according to height, weight, gender, age, and physical activity pattern.
-Average energy intake needed to maintain energy balance
-Energy input = Energy output
-Amount you eat compared to amount you exercise/exert energy
-Based on age, gender, weight, height, physical activity
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) - Answer--Used to determine
whether percent of calories from each macronutrient falls within suggested range.
