Cellular organisation and specialisation
(1) Multicellular organisms are originally made from organelles which make up cells and cells which
make up the tissues and the tissues make up the organs and the organs make up the organ systems
and the organ systems make up the living organism.
Cell name diagram dimensions structure function
Ciliated 6–7 µm long Membrane, Moving substances
and 0.2–0.3 nucleus, cilia
across the surface
epithelial (hair-like of a tissue. Cilia –
µm in
cells diameter structures on beats in a
their coordinated way to
surface),shift material along
goblet cellsthe surface of the
and a tissue. Goblet cells
basement – secrete mucus
membrane. which helps trap
dust, dirt and
microorganisms –
preventing
infection.
Guard cells 20 µm in length Thick cell Regulates the rate
and 9 µm in face air of transpiration by
width outside the opening and
leaf and closing the stomata.
stoma. Thin Guard cells swell
cell walls up and open
face adjacent stomata for the
epidermal exchange of gases
cells. when the plant has
Cellulose excess water.
microfibrils
arranged in
bands
around the
cell.
, Root hair between 15 and Single-celled Allows the plant to
17 µm in extensions of absorb more water
cells diameter, and 80 epidermis and take in
and 1,500 µm cells in the minerals they need
in length root. to survive.
Palisade 1–8 µm long Column Contains
and 0.3–0.8 µm shaped. chloroplasts which
cells Packed are used in
wide
together photosynthesis.
closely with Palisade cells
many maximise light
chloroplasts. absorption for
photosynthesis
Sperm cells 3–5 µm Head Reproduction – to
contains fuse with an egg
haploid and initiate the
nucleus. development of an
Acrosome embryo and pass
contains on father genes.
digestive
enzymes to
break down
outer layer of
an egg. Mid
– piece
packed with
mitochondria
to release
energy for
tail
movement.
neutrophils diameter Flexible Destroys pathogens
between 9 and shape – by phagocytosis
15 μm allows them and the secretion of
to squeeze enzymes
through cell
(1) Multicellular organisms are originally made from organelles which make up cells and cells which
make up the tissues and the tissues make up the organs and the organs make up the organ systems
and the organ systems make up the living organism.
Cell name diagram dimensions structure function
Ciliated 6–7 µm long Membrane, Moving substances
and 0.2–0.3 nucleus, cilia
across the surface
epithelial (hair-like of a tissue. Cilia –
µm in
cells diameter structures on beats in a
their coordinated way to
surface),shift material along
goblet cellsthe surface of the
and a tissue. Goblet cells
basement – secrete mucus
membrane. which helps trap
dust, dirt and
microorganisms –
preventing
infection.
Guard cells 20 µm in length Thick cell Regulates the rate
and 9 µm in face air of transpiration by
width outside the opening and
leaf and closing the stomata.
stoma. Thin Guard cells swell
cell walls up and open
face adjacent stomata for the
epidermal exchange of gases
cells. when the plant has
Cellulose excess water.
microfibrils
arranged in
bands
around the
cell.
, Root hair between 15 and Single-celled Allows the plant to
17 µm in extensions of absorb more water
cells diameter, and 80 epidermis and take in
and 1,500 µm cells in the minerals they need
in length root. to survive.
Palisade 1–8 µm long Column Contains
and 0.3–0.8 µm shaped. chloroplasts which
cells Packed are used in
wide
together photosynthesis.
closely with Palisade cells
many maximise light
chloroplasts. absorption for
photosynthesis
Sperm cells 3–5 µm Head Reproduction – to
contains fuse with an egg
haploid and initiate the
nucleus. development of an
Acrosome embryo and pass
contains on father genes.
digestive
enzymes to
break down
outer layer of
an egg. Mid
– piece
packed with
mitochondria
to release
energy for
tail
movement.
neutrophils diameter Flexible Destroys pathogens
between 9 and shape – by phagocytosis
15 μm allows them and the secretion of
to squeeze enzymes
through cell
