Pediatrics: Typical and Atypical
Development Exam Questions and Answers’
development of movement planes - - -
correct answer ✅1. sagittal
2. frontal
3. transverse
physiological flexion/active flexor tone - - -
correct answer ✅length of extensors promotes active extensor use
leading to the lengthening of flexors promoting active flexor use,
development of flexion and extension control leads to postural
control = midline
progression of movement abilities with maturation - - -
correct answer ✅random movements --> asymmetric movements
--> bilateral symmetrical movements --> alternating movements -->
lateral flexion --> rotation
bilateral symmetrical movement - - -
correct answer ✅leads to acquisition of midline
alternating movements - - -
correct answer ✅increased coordination and reciprocal
movements
,Pediatrics: Typical and Atypical
Development Exam Questions and Answers’
lateral flexion - - -
correct answer ✅requires balance of flexion and extension
transverse plane movements - - -
correct answer ✅rotation --> combination of sagittal and frontal
planes
deviations from normal - - -
correct answer ✅asymmetry, excessive recruitment of an isolated
motor plan, preferences, lack of variety, inability to motor plan, lack
of attention or arousal
dynamic systems approach - - -
correct answer ✅suggests motor skills are a result of many
systems interacting and working together
development - - -
correct answer ✅non-linear, overlapping where skills may emerge
while others remain constant or regress
,Pediatrics: Typical and Atypical
Development Exam Questions and Answers’
atypical development - - -
correct answer ✅children do not follow typical trajectory, missing
components lead to compensations, prolonged compensations
become pathological if never modified
factors that can contribute to atypical development - - -
correct answer ✅neurological insult, sensory deficits, MSK issues,
generalized delay
excessive extensor muscle activity - - -
correct answer ✅antigravity flexion does not develop OR is not
strong enough to balance extensors
inadequate development of postural tone - - -
correct answer ✅lack of stability, infant fixes in order to gain
stability, fixing blocks normal development process
fixing - - -
correct answer ✅limits degrees of freedom, fixing in one area will
result in compensation in another
, Pediatrics: Typical and Atypical
Development Exam Questions and Answers’
main blocks - - -
correct answer ✅neck, shoulder, pelvic
neck hyperextension block - - -
correct answer ✅neck flexion does not develop to balance
extension, no midline or chink tuck, use head/neck hyperextension
to lift head up which reinforces hyperextension strength
how does baby compensate for neck hyperextension block - - -
correct answer ✅lack of normal head control, elevates shoulders
to stabilize head, exaggerated hyperextension, tongue/oral muscles
used to fix
effects of neck hyperextension block - - -
correct answer ✅decreased scapular mobility, protraction of jaw,
decreased head righting, impaired coordination or respiration for
phonation, impaired visual convergence and downward gaze
neck asymmetry block - - -
correct answer ✅does not develop symmetrical bilateral head and
neck flexors, decreased midline, dominated by ATNR
Development Exam Questions and Answers’
development of movement planes - - -
correct answer ✅1. sagittal
2. frontal
3. transverse
physiological flexion/active flexor tone - - -
correct answer ✅length of extensors promotes active extensor use
leading to the lengthening of flexors promoting active flexor use,
development of flexion and extension control leads to postural
control = midline
progression of movement abilities with maturation - - -
correct answer ✅random movements --> asymmetric movements
--> bilateral symmetrical movements --> alternating movements -->
lateral flexion --> rotation
bilateral symmetrical movement - - -
correct answer ✅leads to acquisition of midline
alternating movements - - -
correct answer ✅increased coordination and reciprocal
movements
,Pediatrics: Typical and Atypical
Development Exam Questions and Answers’
lateral flexion - - -
correct answer ✅requires balance of flexion and extension
transverse plane movements - - -
correct answer ✅rotation --> combination of sagittal and frontal
planes
deviations from normal - - -
correct answer ✅asymmetry, excessive recruitment of an isolated
motor plan, preferences, lack of variety, inability to motor plan, lack
of attention or arousal
dynamic systems approach - - -
correct answer ✅suggests motor skills are a result of many
systems interacting and working together
development - - -
correct answer ✅non-linear, overlapping where skills may emerge
while others remain constant or regress
,Pediatrics: Typical and Atypical
Development Exam Questions and Answers’
atypical development - - -
correct answer ✅children do not follow typical trajectory, missing
components lead to compensations, prolonged compensations
become pathological if never modified
factors that can contribute to atypical development - - -
correct answer ✅neurological insult, sensory deficits, MSK issues,
generalized delay
excessive extensor muscle activity - - -
correct answer ✅antigravity flexion does not develop OR is not
strong enough to balance extensors
inadequate development of postural tone - - -
correct answer ✅lack of stability, infant fixes in order to gain
stability, fixing blocks normal development process
fixing - - -
correct answer ✅limits degrees of freedom, fixing in one area will
result in compensation in another
, Pediatrics: Typical and Atypical
Development Exam Questions and Answers’
main blocks - - -
correct answer ✅neck, shoulder, pelvic
neck hyperextension block - - -
correct answer ✅neck flexion does not develop to balance
extension, no midline or chink tuck, use head/neck hyperextension
to lift head up which reinforces hyperextension strength
how does baby compensate for neck hyperextension block - - -
correct answer ✅lack of normal head control, elevates shoulders
to stabilize head, exaggerated hyperextension, tongue/oral muscles
used to fix
effects of neck hyperextension block - - -
correct answer ✅decreased scapular mobility, protraction of jaw,
decreased head righting, impaired coordination or respiration for
phonation, impaired visual convergence and downward gaze
neck asymmetry block - - -
correct answer ✅does not develop symmetrical bilateral head and
neck flexors, decreased midline, dominated by ATNR
