The Life Span: Human Development
for Helping Professionals. Chapters 1-8
Exam Questions and Answers 100%
Pass
Stage Theory - ✔✔Describes development as qualitative or transformational change
and implies periods of relative stability and periods of rapid transitions. A metaphoric
staircase.
Freud, Erikson and Piaget.
Freud's personality theory - ✔✔Id, Ego, Superego.
Also, 5 stages of psychosexual theory: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
Erikson's personality theory - ✔✔Psychosocial: 8 stages of man. Must go through a
crisis to reach the next stage (trust vs mistrust; autonomy vs shame and doubt, etc.)
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,Piaget's cognitive development theory - ✔✔4 stages:
Sensorimotor (0-2; everything is reflexive),
Preoperational (2-6/7; representational thought begins, child is centered),
Concrete operational (7-11/12; decenter, use logic),
Formal operational (12+; abstract thought)
Incremental Change Theory - ✔✔A more continuous process where changes are
incremental. A steadily rising mountainside.
Behaviorist (Classical, Operant), Social Learning Theory and Information processing
theories.
Behaviorist Tradition - ✔✔Classical conditioning: conditioned response (Pavlov's dog)
Operant conditioning: behavior that is encouraged or discouraged through positive or
negative reinforcement.
Social Learning Theory - ✔✔The focus is on how children acquire personality
characteristics and social skills and consider conditioning processes part of the story,
but also emphasize observational learning, modeling, or generalization.
Modeling - ✔✔One person observing another person performing some behavior and
from close observation, learns to do it as well.
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, Generalization - ✔✔Broader changes can occur when new events are experienced that
are similar to the events in the original learning context, the learned behaviors may be
extended to the new events.
Information processing theory - ✔✔Human cognitive function is similar to computer
processing information, adding information, holding it in temporary storage (working
memory), putting it into long term storage, using strategies to organize it or draw
conclusions about it. Becomes more automatic with practice.
Multidimensional development theory - ✔✔There are levels or layers of interacting
causes for change. What happens at one level causes and is caused by what happens at
other levels (bidirectional or reciprocal processes; bioecological theory, life span
development theory).
Epigenetic theory - ✔✔A type of multidimensional theory, which assumes that
development is the result of complex interactions between genetic and environmental
factors. Developmental change is bidirectional with the environment influencing
biology and biology influencing the environment.
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological theory - ✔✔All developments (personality and
cognitive changes) are the function of proximal processes.
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for Helping Professionals. Chapters 1-8
Exam Questions and Answers 100%
Pass
Stage Theory - ✔✔Describes development as qualitative or transformational change
and implies periods of relative stability and periods of rapid transitions. A metaphoric
staircase.
Freud, Erikson and Piaget.
Freud's personality theory - ✔✔Id, Ego, Superego.
Also, 5 stages of psychosexual theory: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
Erikson's personality theory - ✔✔Psychosocial: 8 stages of man. Must go through a
crisis to reach the next stage (trust vs mistrust; autonomy vs shame and doubt, etc.)
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,Piaget's cognitive development theory - ✔✔4 stages:
Sensorimotor (0-2; everything is reflexive),
Preoperational (2-6/7; representational thought begins, child is centered),
Concrete operational (7-11/12; decenter, use logic),
Formal operational (12+; abstract thought)
Incremental Change Theory - ✔✔A more continuous process where changes are
incremental. A steadily rising mountainside.
Behaviorist (Classical, Operant), Social Learning Theory and Information processing
theories.
Behaviorist Tradition - ✔✔Classical conditioning: conditioned response (Pavlov's dog)
Operant conditioning: behavior that is encouraged or discouraged through positive or
negative reinforcement.
Social Learning Theory - ✔✔The focus is on how children acquire personality
characteristics and social skills and consider conditioning processes part of the story,
but also emphasize observational learning, modeling, or generalization.
Modeling - ✔✔One person observing another person performing some behavior and
from close observation, learns to do it as well.
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, Generalization - ✔✔Broader changes can occur when new events are experienced that
are similar to the events in the original learning context, the learned behaviors may be
extended to the new events.
Information processing theory - ✔✔Human cognitive function is similar to computer
processing information, adding information, holding it in temporary storage (working
memory), putting it into long term storage, using strategies to organize it or draw
conclusions about it. Becomes more automatic with practice.
Multidimensional development theory - ✔✔There are levels or layers of interacting
causes for change. What happens at one level causes and is caused by what happens at
other levels (bidirectional or reciprocal processes; bioecological theory, life span
development theory).
Epigenetic theory - ✔✔A type of multidimensional theory, which assumes that
development is the result of complex interactions between genetic and environmental
factors. Developmental change is bidirectional with the environment influencing
biology and biology influencing the environment.
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological theory - ✔✔All developments (personality and
cognitive changes) are the function of proximal processes.
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