UTK BCMB 230 Exam 2 Questions and
Answers 100% Pass
Nerve terms - ✔✔Epineurium, fascicles, perineurium, and endoneurium
Epineurium - ✔✔Dense connective tissues surrounding entire nerves
Fascicles - ✔✔Isolated cylindrical groups of axons
Perineurium - ✔✔Connective tissue surrounding fascicles
Endoneurium - ✔✔Connective tissues wrapping around and between axons; more
delicate collagen and elastic fibers
Neuron classes - ✔✔afferent (sensory) neurons, interneurons, efferent (motor) neurons
Afferent (sensory) neurons - ✔✔- transmit information into the CNS from receptors at
their peripheral endings
- singles processes from the cell body splits into a long peripheral process (axon) that is
in the PNS and a short central process (axon) that enters the CNS
Interneurons - ✔✔- function as integrators and signal changers
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,- integrate groups of afferent and efferent neurons into reflex circuits
- lie entirely within the CNS
- account for > 99% of all neurons
Efferent (motor) neurons - ✔✔- transmit information out of the CNS to effector cells,
particularly muscles, glands, neurons, and other cells
- cell body with multiple dendrites and a small segment of the axon are in the CNS;
most of the axon is in the PNS
nerve plasticity - ✔✔Ability to modify its structure and function in response to
stimulation or injury
Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) - ✔✔Voltage across the plasma membrane of a
resting neuron
Depolarization - ✔✔The potential moving from RMP to less negative (closer to zero)
values
Repolarization - ✔✔The potential returning to the RMP
Hyperpolarization - ✔✔The potential moving away from the RMP in a more negative
direction
steps of action potential generation - ✔✔1. Resting state: voltage gated Na+ and K+
channels are closed; resting potential is maintained by undated channels
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, 2. Depolarization: a stimulus (a factor that causes a nerve signal to be generated) opens
some Na+ channels; if threshold is reached, an action potential is triggered
3. Additional Na+ channels open, K+ channels are closed; the interior of the cell
becomes more positive; membrane polarity becomes the reverse of the resting state
4. Repolarization: Na+ channels close and inactive; K+ channels open, and K+ rushes
out; interior of cell is more negative than outside
5. Hyperpolarization: the K+ channels close relatively slowly, causing a brief
undershoot
Electrical synapses - ✔✔Pre- and postsynaptic cells are connected by gap junctions
Chemical synapses - ✔✔- presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters from their
axon terminals
- neurotransmitter binds to receptors on postsynaptic neurons
Synaptic vesicles - ✔✔- neurotransmitter filled vesicles along the axon terminal of
presynaptic neurons
- fuse with synaptic terminal membrane due to Ca2+ influx and SNARE protein
interactions
Neurotransmitter removal - ✔✔- active transport back into the presynaptic terminal for
reuse (in a process called reuptake)
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Answers 100% Pass
Nerve terms - ✔✔Epineurium, fascicles, perineurium, and endoneurium
Epineurium - ✔✔Dense connective tissues surrounding entire nerves
Fascicles - ✔✔Isolated cylindrical groups of axons
Perineurium - ✔✔Connective tissue surrounding fascicles
Endoneurium - ✔✔Connective tissues wrapping around and between axons; more
delicate collagen and elastic fibers
Neuron classes - ✔✔afferent (sensory) neurons, interneurons, efferent (motor) neurons
Afferent (sensory) neurons - ✔✔- transmit information into the CNS from receptors at
their peripheral endings
- singles processes from the cell body splits into a long peripheral process (axon) that is
in the PNS and a short central process (axon) that enters the CNS
Interneurons - ✔✔- function as integrators and signal changers
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,- integrate groups of afferent and efferent neurons into reflex circuits
- lie entirely within the CNS
- account for > 99% of all neurons
Efferent (motor) neurons - ✔✔- transmit information out of the CNS to effector cells,
particularly muscles, glands, neurons, and other cells
- cell body with multiple dendrites and a small segment of the axon are in the CNS;
most of the axon is in the PNS
nerve plasticity - ✔✔Ability to modify its structure and function in response to
stimulation or injury
Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) - ✔✔Voltage across the plasma membrane of a
resting neuron
Depolarization - ✔✔The potential moving from RMP to less negative (closer to zero)
values
Repolarization - ✔✔The potential returning to the RMP
Hyperpolarization - ✔✔The potential moving away from the RMP in a more negative
direction
steps of action potential generation - ✔✔1. Resting state: voltage gated Na+ and K+
channels are closed; resting potential is maintained by undated channels
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, 2. Depolarization: a stimulus (a factor that causes a nerve signal to be generated) opens
some Na+ channels; if threshold is reached, an action potential is triggered
3. Additional Na+ channels open, K+ channels are closed; the interior of the cell
becomes more positive; membrane polarity becomes the reverse of the resting state
4. Repolarization: Na+ channels close and inactive; K+ channels open, and K+ rushes
out; interior of cell is more negative than outside
5. Hyperpolarization: the K+ channels close relatively slowly, causing a brief
undershoot
Electrical synapses - ✔✔Pre- and postsynaptic cells are connected by gap junctions
Chemical synapses - ✔✔- presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters from their
axon terminals
- neurotransmitter binds to receptors on postsynaptic neurons
Synaptic vesicles - ✔✔- neurotransmitter filled vesicles along the axon terminal of
presynaptic neurons
- fuse with synaptic terminal membrane due to Ca2+ influx and SNARE protein
interactions
Neurotransmitter removal - ✔✔- active transport back into the presynaptic terminal for
reuse (in a process called reuptake)
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