UTK BCMB 230 Final Exam Questions
and Answers 100% Pass
What are the two types of immunity? - ✔✔- innate (general) immunity: inherited
- adaptive (specific) immunity: learned from exposure to specific pathogens; function of
lymphocytes
External defenses of innate immunity - ✔✔Skin, digestive tract, respiratory tract, and
genitourinary tract
Skin as an external defense mechanism - ✔✔Physical barrier to penetration by
pathogens; secretions contain lysozyme (enzyme that destroys bacteria)
Digestive tract as an external defense mechanism - ✔✔High acidity of stomach;
protection by normal bacterial population of colon
Respiratory tract as an external defense mechanism - ✔✔Secretion of mucus; movement
of mucus by cilia; alveolar macrophages
Genitourinary tract as an external defense mechanism - ✔✔Acidity of urine; vaginal
lactic acid
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,Internal defenses of innate immunity - ✔✔Phagocytic cells, interferons, complement
proteins, endogenous pyrogen, natural killer (NK) cells, and mast cells
Phagocytic cells as internal defense mechanisms - ✔✔Ingest and destroy bacteria,
cellular debris, denatured proteins, and toxins
Interferons as internal defense mechanisms - ✔✔Inhibit replication of viruses
Complement proteins as internal defense mechanisms - ✔✔Promote destruction of
bacteria; enhance inflammatory response
Endogenous pyrogen as an internal defense mechanism - ✔✔Secreted by leukocytes
and other cells; produces fever
Natural killer (NK) cells as internal defense mechanisms - ✔✔Destroy cells infected
with viruses, tumor cells, and mismatched transplanted tissue cells
Mast cells as internal defense mechanisms - ✔✔Release histamine and other mediators
of inflammation, and cytokines that promote adaptive immunity
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) - ✔✔- unique to the pathogens
- includes lipopolysaccharides (LPS) found in the envelope of Gram-negative bacteria
- peptidoglycan from the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria
Immune cells have _____________________________, such as toll-like receptors for
PAMPs on their surface - ✔✔pathogen recognition receptors
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, Neutrophils (phagocyte) location - ✔✔Blood and all tissues
Monocytes (phagocyte) location - ✔✔Blood
Tissue macrophages (histiocytes) (phagocyte) location - ✔✔All tissues (including
spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow)
Kupffer cells (phagocyte) location - ✔✔Liver
Alveolar macrophages (phagocyte) location - ✔✔Lungs
Microfilm (phagocyte) location - ✔✔Central nervous system
Pyrogens - ✔✔Chemicals that provoke PGE2 release
Exogenous pyrogens include - ✔✔lipopolysaccharides from some bacteria
Endogenous pyrogens include - ✔✔interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor
Interferons - ✔✔- antiviral polypeptides produced by infected cells that cause non-
specific, short term resistance to viral infection
- nucleic acids from the invading virus or bacteria stimulate production of STING
(stimulator of interferon genes) in the host cell; STING stimulates transcription of host
cell genes for interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines
- three types are identified: alpha, beta, and gamma
Alpha and beta interferons - ✔✔Inhibit viral replication and assembly
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and Answers 100% Pass
What are the two types of immunity? - ✔✔- innate (general) immunity: inherited
- adaptive (specific) immunity: learned from exposure to specific pathogens; function of
lymphocytes
External defenses of innate immunity - ✔✔Skin, digestive tract, respiratory tract, and
genitourinary tract
Skin as an external defense mechanism - ✔✔Physical barrier to penetration by
pathogens; secretions contain lysozyme (enzyme that destroys bacteria)
Digestive tract as an external defense mechanism - ✔✔High acidity of stomach;
protection by normal bacterial population of colon
Respiratory tract as an external defense mechanism - ✔✔Secretion of mucus; movement
of mucus by cilia; alveolar macrophages
Genitourinary tract as an external defense mechanism - ✔✔Acidity of urine; vaginal
lactic acid
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,Internal defenses of innate immunity - ✔✔Phagocytic cells, interferons, complement
proteins, endogenous pyrogen, natural killer (NK) cells, and mast cells
Phagocytic cells as internal defense mechanisms - ✔✔Ingest and destroy bacteria,
cellular debris, denatured proteins, and toxins
Interferons as internal defense mechanisms - ✔✔Inhibit replication of viruses
Complement proteins as internal defense mechanisms - ✔✔Promote destruction of
bacteria; enhance inflammatory response
Endogenous pyrogen as an internal defense mechanism - ✔✔Secreted by leukocytes
and other cells; produces fever
Natural killer (NK) cells as internal defense mechanisms - ✔✔Destroy cells infected
with viruses, tumor cells, and mismatched transplanted tissue cells
Mast cells as internal defense mechanisms - ✔✔Release histamine and other mediators
of inflammation, and cytokines that promote adaptive immunity
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) - ✔✔- unique to the pathogens
- includes lipopolysaccharides (LPS) found in the envelope of Gram-negative bacteria
- peptidoglycan from the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria
Immune cells have _____________________________, such as toll-like receptors for
PAMPs on their surface - ✔✔pathogen recognition receptors
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, Neutrophils (phagocyte) location - ✔✔Blood and all tissues
Monocytes (phagocyte) location - ✔✔Blood
Tissue macrophages (histiocytes) (phagocyte) location - ✔✔All tissues (including
spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow)
Kupffer cells (phagocyte) location - ✔✔Liver
Alveolar macrophages (phagocyte) location - ✔✔Lungs
Microfilm (phagocyte) location - ✔✔Central nervous system
Pyrogens - ✔✔Chemicals that provoke PGE2 release
Exogenous pyrogens include - ✔✔lipopolysaccharides from some bacteria
Endogenous pyrogens include - ✔✔interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor
Interferons - ✔✔- antiviral polypeptides produced by infected cells that cause non-
specific, short term resistance to viral infection
- nucleic acids from the invading virus or bacteria stimulate production of STING
(stimulator of interferon genes) in the host cell; STING stimulates transcription of host
cell genes for interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines
- three types are identified: alpha, beta, and gamma
Alpha and beta interferons - ✔✔Inhibit viral replication and assembly
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