©THEBRIGHT 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 10:15AM A+
MEGA/MOCA mild/moderate cross
categorical special education. Exam
Questions And Answers |Latest 2025 |
Guaranteed Pass.
Summarize some of the early contributions to special education made by Édouard Séguin -
Answer✔French doctor Séguin had studied with Jean-Marc Itard, who insisted that children
with disabilities could learn via special instruction. In 1848 Séguin came to America, where he
developed influential principles for educating intellectually disabled and other special-needs
children. In his programs, he emphasized presenting combined physical and intellectual tasks to
help disabled children develop self-reliance and independence. He developed the physiological
method, consisting of sensory training (particularly tactile) utilizing concrete materials, and also
motor training, featuring movement from the simple to the complex, age-appropriate and
functional activities, and activities involving both work and play.
The major elements that made up the foundation of Séguin's educational philosophy and
programs for instructing children with disabilities were: frequently changing activities; task
analysis; discrimination between the senses and the intellect; sensory stimulation; physical
education; and education with employment as an outcome. One can see from these elements
the importance of Séguin's contributions, as these are all prominent aspects of special
education today over 150 years later.
in the history of special education, summarize some general attitudes toward disabilities in the
Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the Enlightenment. mention a few of the first developments
in education for the disabled - Answer✔In Medieval times (500-1500 CE), society had a rigid
caste system with royalty at the top, and no education for the masses. Some people with
1
,©THEBRIGHT 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 10:15AM A+
disabilities were exterminated; others were exploited as clowns, "fools," or servants. Generally,
the disabled experienced ridicule for their differences.
During the Renaissance (1300-1700), when interest in knowledge was reborn, the Catholic
Church made the disabled wards of the state, caring for them in isolation. They received more
human treatment, but initially no education.
By the Enlightenment (1650-1800), philosophers like John Locke believed all knowledge was
acquired through the senses and all human beings were equal. Enlightenment philosophers
believed humanity did not exist without education, increasing potential opportunities.
During the Renaissance, in 1578, Spanish explorer Pedro Ponce de León first documented the
education of royal deaf children. In 1760 during the Enlightenment, the French Abbé de L'Épée
established the first institute for the deaf.
In 1829 (the Regency era), Louis Braille invented his tactile reading/writing system for the blind.
describe some of the advantages and disadvantages of the segregated settings used in the
history of special education for instructing students with special needs - Answer✔In some
cases, special schools and classes are used today; however, in America and many other
countries, laws mandate inclusive education for students with disabilities. Before this
legislation, segregation was more the norm than the exception, yielding both advantages and
disadvantages.
Some advantages include: giving students with disabilities more chances of success; fostering
cooperation instead of competition; being able to learn physical and social skills in accepting,
understanding settings; staff with specialized training, specialized equipment, and specialized
services; more opportunities to improve skills needed for greater participation in more inclusive
settings; easier student access to individual attention; and more opportunities to meet other
students with the same disability.
Disadvantages include: developed "disabled" values, attitudes, and behaviors; lowered
expectations in students, parents, and educators; resistance to transferring learned skills to
regular settings; depriving disabled and nondisabled children of the benefits of interacting; less
2
,©THEBRIGHT 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 10:15AM A+
preparation for future living; greater lifelong expenses; more interactions with adults than with
children; and performance standards separate from "normal" standards.
discuss some tools whereby special educators can engage in self-assessments of their own work
- Answer✔Many school districts and systems have created self-assessment rubrics or
instruments for special educators. These instruments generally list specific standards for an
array of required skills and knowledge, including operational definitions that describe what
knowledge, skills, and behaviors the special educator should demonstrate. These descriptions
are accompanied by incremental rating scales.
The educator reads each competency and checks a box corresponding to whether they think
that, for example, models it, adjusts upon reflecting, and is a resource for others (the highest
score); or works independently to apply the competency across settings and self-initiates
planning (the second highest); applies the competency with support and shows emerging self-
initiation of planning (the middle score); understands and tries to apply the competency, and
uses resources for improving their teaching (the second lowest); or is aware of the competency
but has no experience in and/or does not demonstrate it (the lowest score).
Another example states competence areas for self-rating as highly effective, effective,
minimally effective, or ineffective.
discuss some general aspects of professional development for special education professionals -
Answer✔Special education professionals cannot allow their training, knowledge, and expertise
to remain at the same level throughout their working lives as when they received their degrees
and certification and began working. They must continually update, improve, and expand their
skills, both to remain current in this dynamic, changing profession and to grow as educators.
Special education professionals acquire and apply knowledge about developmental levels and
readiness for various instructional interventions. They learn about research evidence-based
instructional strategies, and then apply these for teaching fundamental skills in literacy and
numeracy to students with special needs. They know how to individualize their instruction for
each student and they continue to learn new strategies and techniques to improve this
individualization process.
They assess student progress on an ongoing basis and refine their assessment techniques to
increase their accuracy and applications to adjustments and modifications in their instructional
approaches. They make use of data and continually inform themselves of newer data from
3
, ©THEBRIGHT 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 10:15AM A+
emergent research to apply to their problem-solving endeavors. They prepare students to
become independent.
describe some of the CEC's standards applying to special education professionals in the areas of
credentials and employment - Answer✔In addition to nine others, the CEC (Council for
Exceptional Children) identifies standards for special education professionals that include:
documenting and objectively reporting any deficits in resources, and offering solutions for
these to their supervisors/administrators; evaluating employments applicants and grievances
objectively, without discrimination; utilizing established procedures to resolve professional
workplace problems; expecting their responsibilities to be conveyed to coworkers, and assuring
their understanding and respect of those responsibilities; requesting clear written statements
of their employment conditions, duties, and responsibilities; participating actively in planning,
management, and evaluation of special education programs and general education programs,
and in associated policy development; expecting sufficient support and supervision for special
education professionals, and for programs delivered by qualified professionals in special
education; and expecting there to be clearly defined chains of accountability and responsibility
regarding the supervision and administration of professionals in special education.
as a reflection of the evolution of special education and its philosophy, contrast the medical
model versus the social model of disability in education - Answer✔Historically, early models of
special education were based on the medical model of illness. As special education developed,
the medical model came to be gradually replaced by the social model. Some key differences in
these models are: The medical model viewed the child as defective, whereas the social model
values the child as a unique individual.
The medical model focused on diagnosing and labeling children by their disabilities; the social
model strives to identify children's strengths and needs. The medical model focuses on
impairment; the social model focuses on identify obstacles and developing solutions. The
medical model dictated segregation and alternative services for the disabled; the social model
dictates making necessary resources available to the disabled within inclusive settings.
The medical model resulted in being excluded permanently from normal schools and society, or
inclusion only if the individual eventually seemed sufficiently "normal" in appearance and
behavior; the social model welcomes diversity. The medical model effected no social change;
the social model causes society to evolve.
Explain Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard's significance to the history of special education and
summarize his most famous case study - Answer✔Itard was a French doctor and educator,
among the first to propose and prove special teaching methods could help educate children
with disabilities. From 1801=1805, Itard used systematic instructional techniques to teach
4
MEGA/MOCA mild/moderate cross
categorical special education. Exam
Questions And Answers |Latest 2025 |
Guaranteed Pass.
Summarize some of the early contributions to special education made by Édouard Séguin -
Answer✔French doctor Séguin had studied with Jean-Marc Itard, who insisted that children
with disabilities could learn via special instruction. In 1848 Séguin came to America, where he
developed influential principles for educating intellectually disabled and other special-needs
children. In his programs, he emphasized presenting combined physical and intellectual tasks to
help disabled children develop self-reliance and independence. He developed the physiological
method, consisting of sensory training (particularly tactile) utilizing concrete materials, and also
motor training, featuring movement from the simple to the complex, age-appropriate and
functional activities, and activities involving both work and play.
The major elements that made up the foundation of Séguin's educational philosophy and
programs for instructing children with disabilities were: frequently changing activities; task
analysis; discrimination between the senses and the intellect; sensory stimulation; physical
education; and education with employment as an outcome. One can see from these elements
the importance of Séguin's contributions, as these are all prominent aspects of special
education today over 150 years later.
in the history of special education, summarize some general attitudes toward disabilities in the
Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the Enlightenment. mention a few of the first developments
in education for the disabled - Answer✔In Medieval times (500-1500 CE), society had a rigid
caste system with royalty at the top, and no education for the masses. Some people with
1
,©THEBRIGHT 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 10:15AM A+
disabilities were exterminated; others were exploited as clowns, "fools," or servants. Generally,
the disabled experienced ridicule for their differences.
During the Renaissance (1300-1700), when interest in knowledge was reborn, the Catholic
Church made the disabled wards of the state, caring for them in isolation. They received more
human treatment, but initially no education.
By the Enlightenment (1650-1800), philosophers like John Locke believed all knowledge was
acquired through the senses and all human beings were equal. Enlightenment philosophers
believed humanity did not exist without education, increasing potential opportunities.
During the Renaissance, in 1578, Spanish explorer Pedro Ponce de León first documented the
education of royal deaf children. In 1760 during the Enlightenment, the French Abbé de L'Épée
established the first institute for the deaf.
In 1829 (the Regency era), Louis Braille invented his tactile reading/writing system for the blind.
describe some of the advantages and disadvantages of the segregated settings used in the
history of special education for instructing students with special needs - Answer✔In some
cases, special schools and classes are used today; however, in America and many other
countries, laws mandate inclusive education for students with disabilities. Before this
legislation, segregation was more the norm than the exception, yielding both advantages and
disadvantages.
Some advantages include: giving students with disabilities more chances of success; fostering
cooperation instead of competition; being able to learn physical and social skills in accepting,
understanding settings; staff with specialized training, specialized equipment, and specialized
services; more opportunities to improve skills needed for greater participation in more inclusive
settings; easier student access to individual attention; and more opportunities to meet other
students with the same disability.
Disadvantages include: developed "disabled" values, attitudes, and behaviors; lowered
expectations in students, parents, and educators; resistance to transferring learned skills to
regular settings; depriving disabled and nondisabled children of the benefits of interacting; less
2
,©THEBRIGHT 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 10:15AM A+
preparation for future living; greater lifelong expenses; more interactions with adults than with
children; and performance standards separate from "normal" standards.
discuss some tools whereby special educators can engage in self-assessments of their own work
- Answer✔Many school districts and systems have created self-assessment rubrics or
instruments for special educators. These instruments generally list specific standards for an
array of required skills and knowledge, including operational definitions that describe what
knowledge, skills, and behaviors the special educator should demonstrate. These descriptions
are accompanied by incremental rating scales.
The educator reads each competency and checks a box corresponding to whether they think
that, for example, models it, adjusts upon reflecting, and is a resource for others (the highest
score); or works independently to apply the competency across settings and self-initiates
planning (the second highest); applies the competency with support and shows emerging self-
initiation of planning (the middle score); understands and tries to apply the competency, and
uses resources for improving their teaching (the second lowest); or is aware of the competency
but has no experience in and/or does not demonstrate it (the lowest score).
Another example states competence areas for self-rating as highly effective, effective,
minimally effective, or ineffective.
discuss some general aspects of professional development for special education professionals -
Answer✔Special education professionals cannot allow their training, knowledge, and expertise
to remain at the same level throughout their working lives as when they received their degrees
and certification and began working. They must continually update, improve, and expand their
skills, both to remain current in this dynamic, changing profession and to grow as educators.
Special education professionals acquire and apply knowledge about developmental levels and
readiness for various instructional interventions. They learn about research evidence-based
instructional strategies, and then apply these for teaching fundamental skills in literacy and
numeracy to students with special needs. They know how to individualize their instruction for
each student and they continue to learn new strategies and techniques to improve this
individualization process.
They assess student progress on an ongoing basis and refine their assessment techniques to
increase their accuracy and applications to adjustments and modifications in their instructional
approaches. They make use of data and continually inform themselves of newer data from
3
, ©THEBRIGHT 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 10:15AM A+
emergent research to apply to their problem-solving endeavors. They prepare students to
become independent.
describe some of the CEC's standards applying to special education professionals in the areas of
credentials and employment - Answer✔In addition to nine others, the CEC (Council for
Exceptional Children) identifies standards for special education professionals that include:
documenting and objectively reporting any deficits in resources, and offering solutions for
these to their supervisors/administrators; evaluating employments applicants and grievances
objectively, without discrimination; utilizing established procedures to resolve professional
workplace problems; expecting their responsibilities to be conveyed to coworkers, and assuring
their understanding and respect of those responsibilities; requesting clear written statements
of their employment conditions, duties, and responsibilities; participating actively in planning,
management, and evaluation of special education programs and general education programs,
and in associated policy development; expecting sufficient support and supervision for special
education professionals, and for programs delivered by qualified professionals in special
education; and expecting there to be clearly defined chains of accountability and responsibility
regarding the supervision and administration of professionals in special education.
as a reflection of the evolution of special education and its philosophy, contrast the medical
model versus the social model of disability in education - Answer✔Historically, early models of
special education were based on the medical model of illness. As special education developed,
the medical model came to be gradually replaced by the social model. Some key differences in
these models are: The medical model viewed the child as defective, whereas the social model
values the child as a unique individual.
The medical model focused on diagnosing and labeling children by their disabilities; the social
model strives to identify children's strengths and needs. The medical model focuses on
impairment; the social model focuses on identify obstacles and developing solutions. The
medical model dictated segregation and alternative services for the disabled; the social model
dictates making necessary resources available to the disabled within inclusive settings.
The medical model resulted in being excluded permanently from normal schools and society, or
inclusion only if the individual eventually seemed sufficiently "normal" in appearance and
behavior; the social model welcomes diversity. The medical model effected no social change;
the social model causes society to evolve.
Explain Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard's significance to the history of special education and
summarize his most famous case study - Answer✔Itard was a French doctor and educator,
among the first to propose and prove special teaching methods could help educate children
with disabilities. From 1801=1805, Itard used systematic instructional techniques to teach
4
