BIO 168 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% PASS
The major tissue types and their functions - ✔✔epithelial tissue covers body surfaces;
connective tissue supports other tissues structurally; nervous tissue is responsible for
rapid long-distance signalling, coordination, and "thinking"; muscle tissue is specialized
for movement by means of cellular contraction
The major differences between tissues - ✔✔***SEE ATTACHED SHEETS***
The cell types and proteins that make tissues - ✔✔collagen is the most abundant
protein; actin, myosin,
The different layers of the skin and the associated terms - ✔✔The skin has three
layers—the epidermis, dermis, and fat layer (also called the subcutaneous layer);
The deepest layer of the epidermis, the stratum basale, is a single layer of cells resting
on a basement membrane (layer between the dermis and epidermis), they divide
continuously. As new cells form, older ones are pushed toward the skin surface;
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,The next layer, the stratum spinosum, consists of spiny prickle cells that interlock to
support the skin;
The stratum granulosum, the thin middle layer, initiates keratinization (production of
keratin). This process starts the death of epithelial cells (the cell type that makes up
skin);
The stratum lucidum protects against sun ultraviolet-ray damage. This thick layer
appears only in frequently used areas such as palms of the hands and soles of the feet;
The stratum corneum, the fifth, outermost layer is thick with rows of dead cells. These
cells contain soft keratin, which keeps the skin elastic and protects underlying cells from
drying out.
Types of burns and how they are classified, including the rule of nines - ✔✔An adult
who has been burned, the percent of the body involved can be calculated as follows:
Head = 9%
Chest (front) = 9%
Abdomen (front) = 9%
Upper/mid/low back and buttocks = 18%
Each arm = 9% (front = 4.5%, back = 4.5%)
Groin = 1%
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, Each leg = 18% total (front = 9%, back = 9%)
The general steps in the inflammatory response in skin - ✔✔line of defense triggered by
penetration of the skin or mucous membranes, in which small blood vessels in the
vicinity of an injury dilate and become leakier, enhancing the inflitration of leukocytes
(white blood cells)
The parts of a long bone, the cells that are found and where, and the protein in bone -
✔✔One of the types of tissue that makes up bone is the mineralized osseous tissue, also
called bone tissue, that gives it rigidity and a coral-like three-dimensional internal
structure. Other types of tissue found in bones include marrow, endosteum,
periosteum, nerves, blood vessels and cartilage; Components of bone:
* The organic matrix is compsed primarily of the protein collagen which provides
flexibility. 10% of adult bone mass is collagen. This is discussed further in the section on
collagen and bone matrix
* The mineral component is composed of hydroxyapatite, which is an insoluble salt of
calcium and phosphorus. About 65% of adult bone mass is hydroxyapatite.
* Bone also contains small amounts of magnesium, sodium, and bicarbonate.
* Water comprises approximately 25% of adult bone mass.
Bone repair - ✔✔1. A bone fracture hematoma (blood clot) occurs
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ANSWERS 100% PASS
The major tissue types and their functions - ✔✔epithelial tissue covers body surfaces;
connective tissue supports other tissues structurally; nervous tissue is responsible for
rapid long-distance signalling, coordination, and "thinking"; muscle tissue is specialized
for movement by means of cellular contraction
The major differences between tissues - ✔✔***SEE ATTACHED SHEETS***
The cell types and proteins that make tissues - ✔✔collagen is the most abundant
protein; actin, myosin,
The different layers of the skin and the associated terms - ✔✔The skin has three
layers—the epidermis, dermis, and fat layer (also called the subcutaneous layer);
The deepest layer of the epidermis, the stratum basale, is a single layer of cells resting
on a basement membrane (layer between the dermis and epidermis), they divide
continuously. As new cells form, older ones are pushed toward the skin surface;
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,The next layer, the stratum spinosum, consists of spiny prickle cells that interlock to
support the skin;
The stratum granulosum, the thin middle layer, initiates keratinization (production of
keratin). This process starts the death of epithelial cells (the cell type that makes up
skin);
The stratum lucidum protects against sun ultraviolet-ray damage. This thick layer
appears only in frequently used areas such as palms of the hands and soles of the feet;
The stratum corneum, the fifth, outermost layer is thick with rows of dead cells. These
cells contain soft keratin, which keeps the skin elastic and protects underlying cells from
drying out.
Types of burns and how they are classified, including the rule of nines - ✔✔An adult
who has been burned, the percent of the body involved can be calculated as follows:
Head = 9%
Chest (front) = 9%
Abdomen (front) = 9%
Upper/mid/low back and buttocks = 18%
Each arm = 9% (front = 4.5%, back = 4.5%)
Groin = 1%
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, Each leg = 18% total (front = 9%, back = 9%)
The general steps in the inflammatory response in skin - ✔✔line of defense triggered by
penetration of the skin or mucous membranes, in which small blood vessels in the
vicinity of an injury dilate and become leakier, enhancing the inflitration of leukocytes
(white blood cells)
The parts of a long bone, the cells that are found and where, and the protein in bone -
✔✔One of the types of tissue that makes up bone is the mineralized osseous tissue, also
called bone tissue, that gives it rigidity and a coral-like three-dimensional internal
structure. Other types of tissue found in bones include marrow, endosteum,
periosteum, nerves, blood vessels and cartilage; Components of bone:
* The organic matrix is compsed primarily of the protein collagen which provides
flexibility. 10% of adult bone mass is collagen. This is discussed further in the section on
collagen and bone matrix
* The mineral component is composed of hydroxyapatite, which is an insoluble salt of
calcium and phosphorus. About 65% of adult bone mass is hydroxyapatite.
* Bone also contains small amounts of magnesium, sodium, and bicarbonate.
* Water comprises approximately 25% of adult bone mass.
Bone repair - ✔✔1. A bone fracture hematoma (blood clot) occurs
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