FORESTRY EXAM QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS(SCORED A+)
Redwood summer - ANSWEROrganized in 1990, Redwood Summer was a
movement of environmental activism aimed at protecting old-growth Redwood
(Sequoia sempervirens) trees from logging by northernCalifornia timber companies.
Headwaters Forest Reserve near Eureka, California is the largest area of old-growth
forest protected as a result of the Redwood Summer protests
Ecosystem service - ANSWER(Resources and processes provided by nature,
Usually treated as a positive externality.)
Carbon market challenges - ANSWERBaseline, additionality, leakage, permanence,
risk
(no one is going to participate because it's going to cost them a lot of money. There
needs to be government intervention to initiate the process of starting a Carbon
market because as things currently stand people are self interested and are not in
compliance, they aren't actively reducing their carbon.
Direct action - ANSWERDirect action occurs when a group of people take an action
which is intended to reveal an existing problem, highlight an alternative, or
demonstrate a possible solution to a social issue
Northwest Forest Plan - ANSWER(NWFP) is a series of federal policies and
guidelines governing land use on federal lands in the Pacific Northwest region of the
United States. It covers areas ranging from Northern California to western
Washington. The NWFP was adopted in 1994 by the Clinton administration as the
outcome of a series of studies and hearings that began in 1993
Stumpage value - ANSWERvalue of timber that buyers would pay for standing
timber for immediate harvest
Equity vs. efficiency: - ANSWEREquity) Fairness in distribution Efficiency) No one
can be made better while one is being made worse.
Property rights (general definition & what they need to include in a free market
system - ANSWERA property right is an enforceable authority to undertake particular
actions in specific domains. The rights of access, withdrawal, management,
exclusion and alienation can be separately assigned to different individuals as well
as being viewed as a cumulative scale moving from the minimal right of access
through possessing full ownership rights. All of these rights may be held by single
individuals or by collectivities. )
Free Market System:
Universality - all resources are privately owned
and the entitlements are specified
• Exclusivity - benefits and costs due to owning and
, using the resource should be directed solely at
the owner
• Transferability - all property rights should be
transferable from one owner to another in
voluntary exchange
• Enforceability - all property rights should be
secure from involuntary seizure by others
Pareto Efficiency vs. Kaldor-Hicks efficiency - ANSWERPareto (Makes at least one
person better off without leaving anybody worse off) Kaldor Hicks Efficency
(Maximes Social Benefits)
Public good - ANSWERNon excludable, non rivilarious, Free Ride problem, Problem
of strategic behavior (Green mail): "I'll cut down this forest if you don't pay me!"
Positive vs. negative externality - ANSWERAn uncompensated cost borne by
members of society (or the aspects of the natural world they care about) that comes
about as a byproduct of economic exchange, such as through market transactions.)
Positive (An unpaid-for benefit to other members of society generated as a side
effect or consequence of an economic exchange, such as between a buyer and a
seller. EXAMPLE: Open space, viewshed of wildlife,)
Mill gate price - ANSWERprice that mill pays 'at the gate' (stumpage plus
transportation, harvesting, planning, etc. costs)
Triad Approach (and extensive forestry vs. intensive forestry) - ANSWERExtensive
Forestry: A combination of protected areas and forest plantations. It's a the just right
level of forestry management for a long lasting forest.
Commodity based model of economic development vs. amenity based mode -
ANSWERCommodity: Commercially-valuable commodities produced locally form an
economic base for the regional with desirable physical and social environments will
attract tourists, new residents, and new businesses. Amenity: Areas with desirable
physical and social environments will attract tourists, new residents, and new
businesses
Social-ecological system: - ANSWERA socio-ecological system consists of 'a bio-
geo-physical' unit and its associated social actors and institutions. Socio-ecological
systems arecomplex and adaptive and delimited by spatial or functional boundaries
surrounding particular ecosystems and their problem context.
Forest certification (FSC, SFI) - ANSWERFSC- Forest Stewardship Council. SFI-
Sustainable Forestry Initiative
Chain of custody certification - ANSWERaudits each step in the process of
converting a cut log into a finished product.
Population pyramids - ANSWERis a graphical illustration that shows the distribution
of various age groups in a population(typically that of a country or region of the
ANSWERS(SCORED A+)
Redwood summer - ANSWEROrganized in 1990, Redwood Summer was a
movement of environmental activism aimed at protecting old-growth Redwood
(Sequoia sempervirens) trees from logging by northernCalifornia timber companies.
Headwaters Forest Reserve near Eureka, California is the largest area of old-growth
forest protected as a result of the Redwood Summer protests
Ecosystem service - ANSWER(Resources and processes provided by nature,
Usually treated as a positive externality.)
Carbon market challenges - ANSWERBaseline, additionality, leakage, permanence,
risk
(no one is going to participate because it's going to cost them a lot of money. There
needs to be government intervention to initiate the process of starting a Carbon
market because as things currently stand people are self interested and are not in
compliance, they aren't actively reducing their carbon.
Direct action - ANSWERDirect action occurs when a group of people take an action
which is intended to reveal an existing problem, highlight an alternative, or
demonstrate a possible solution to a social issue
Northwest Forest Plan - ANSWER(NWFP) is a series of federal policies and
guidelines governing land use on federal lands in the Pacific Northwest region of the
United States. It covers areas ranging from Northern California to western
Washington. The NWFP was adopted in 1994 by the Clinton administration as the
outcome of a series of studies and hearings that began in 1993
Stumpage value - ANSWERvalue of timber that buyers would pay for standing
timber for immediate harvest
Equity vs. efficiency: - ANSWEREquity) Fairness in distribution Efficiency) No one
can be made better while one is being made worse.
Property rights (general definition & what they need to include in a free market
system - ANSWERA property right is an enforceable authority to undertake particular
actions in specific domains. The rights of access, withdrawal, management,
exclusion and alienation can be separately assigned to different individuals as well
as being viewed as a cumulative scale moving from the minimal right of access
through possessing full ownership rights. All of these rights may be held by single
individuals or by collectivities. )
Free Market System:
Universality - all resources are privately owned
and the entitlements are specified
• Exclusivity - benefits and costs due to owning and
, using the resource should be directed solely at
the owner
• Transferability - all property rights should be
transferable from one owner to another in
voluntary exchange
• Enforceability - all property rights should be
secure from involuntary seizure by others
Pareto Efficiency vs. Kaldor-Hicks efficiency - ANSWERPareto (Makes at least one
person better off without leaving anybody worse off) Kaldor Hicks Efficency
(Maximes Social Benefits)
Public good - ANSWERNon excludable, non rivilarious, Free Ride problem, Problem
of strategic behavior (Green mail): "I'll cut down this forest if you don't pay me!"
Positive vs. negative externality - ANSWERAn uncompensated cost borne by
members of society (or the aspects of the natural world they care about) that comes
about as a byproduct of economic exchange, such as through market transactions.)
Positive (An unpaid-for benefit to other members of society generated as a side
effect or consequence of an economic exchange, such as between a buyer and a
seller. EXAMPLE: Open space, viewshed of wildlife,)
Mill gate price - ANSWERprice that mill pays 'at the gate' (stumpage plus
transportation, harvesting, planning, etc. costs)
Triad Approach (and extensive forestry vs. intensive forestry) - ANSWERExtensive
Forestry: A combination of protected areas and forest plantations. It's a the just right
level of forestry management for a long lasting forest.
Commodity based model of economic development vs. amenity based mode -
ANSWERCommodity: Commercially-valuable commodities produced locally form an
economic base for the regional with desirable physical and social environments will
attract tourists, new residents, and new businesses. Amenity: Areas with desirable
physical and social environments will attract tourists, new residents, and new
businesses
Social-ecological system: - ANSWERA socio-ecological system consists of 'a bio-
geo-physical' unit and its associated social actors and institutions. Socio-ecological
systems arecomplex and adaptive and delimited by spatial or functional boundaries
surrounding particular ecosystems and their problem context.
Forest certification (FSC, SFI) - ANSWERFSC- Forest Stewardship Council. SFI-
Sustainable Forestry Initiative
Chain of custody certification - ANSWERaudits each step in the process of
converting a cut log into a finished product.
Population pyramids - ANSWERis a graphical illustration that shows the distribution
of various age groups in a population(typically that of a country or region of the
