Pathophysiology chapter 2: Altered Cells
& Tissues Final Exam And Accurate
Answers.
Organs - Answer fully differentiated body parts with specialized functions
Tissues - Answer groups of different cell types that combine to form a specific function
Cells - Answer basic units that make up tissues; sites where changes in structure and function lead to
symptoms and diseases
Plasma Membrane - Answer structure that protects the cell by creating barrier that separates
intracellular components from extracellular environment surrounding it; comprised of lipids,
carbohydrates, & proteins arranged in a bilayer
Bilayer - Answer two interconnected layers
Lipid Bilayer composition - Answer phospholipids (Phosphate PO4-); phosphate connected to the lipid
is the head
Tail - Answer lipid structure of the lipid bilayer (phospholipid); composed largely of cholesterol; non-
polar/hydrophobic
Bilayer arrangement - Answer lipid layers align so non-polar tail portions are intertwined and polar
heads line both outer and inner surface of the cell
Glycolipid - Answer carbohydrate bound to lipid; makes up bilayer but in smaller numbers than
phospholipids
Purpose of the bilayer - Answer prevents unintentional passage of water-based substances by
hydrophobic cell surface
, Transmembrane Proteins - Answer proteins that pass through the membrane which allow
communication and transport between extracellular and intracellular environments
Integral Proteins - Answer specific type of transmembrane protein that has tight binding to lipid tail
and becomes part of membrane itself
Channel Protein - Answer allows transport of ions (atoms with electrical charge) across plasma
membrane
Cytoplasm - Answer colloidal substance surrounding cell nucleus; composed of water, proteins, fats,
electrolytes, glycogen, and pigments
Organelles - Answer structures within a cell that perform a distinct function
Endoplasmic Reticulum - Answer complex network of tubules, producing proteins & fats; important in
regulation of ions within cell; subway-tubular transport system
Rough ER: contains ribosomes; synthesize proteins, produces lysosomal enzymes
Smooth ER: no ribosomes; synthesizes lipid, lipoproteins and steroid hormones regulation of Ca,
detoxifies certain drugs & hormones
Golgi Apparatus - Answer membrane structure; substances from ER go to GA and are packaged to be
transferred out;
prepares substances produced by endoplasmic reticulum for secretion out of cell
ER=factory
GA=Packaging & shipping dept
Lysosomes - Answer small sacs surround by membrane; digest cellular debris with hydrolytic enzymes;
important in metabolism of particular substances
& Tissues Final Exam And Accurate
Answers.
Organs - Answer fully differentiated body parts with specialized functions
Tissues - Answer groups of different cell types that combine to form a specific function
Cells - Answer basic units that make up tissues; sites where changes in structure and function lead to
symptoms and diseases
Plasma Membrane - Answer structure that protects the cell by creating barrier that separates
intracellular components from extracellular environment surrounding it; comprised of lipids,
carbohydrates, & proteins arranged in a bilayer
Bilayer - Answer two interconnected layers
Lipid Bilayer composition - Answer phospholipids (Phosphate PO4-); phosphate connected to the lipid
is the head
Tail - Answer lipid structure of the lipid bilayer (phospholipid); composed largely of cholesterol; non-
polar/hydrophobic
Bilayer arrangement - Answer lipid layers align so non-polar tail portions are intertwined and polar
heads line both outer and inner surface of the cell
Glycolipid - Answer carbohydrate bound to lipid; makes up bilayer but in smaller numbers than
phospholipids
Purpose of the bilayer - Answer prevents unintentional passage of water-based substances by
hydrophobic cell surface
, Transmembrane Proteins - Answer proteins that pass through the membrane which allow
communication and transport between extracellular and intracellular environments
Integral Proteins - Answer specific type of transmembrane protein that has tight binding to lipid tail
and becomes part of membrane itself
Channel Protein - Answer allows transport of ions (atoms with electrical charge) across plasma
membrane
Cytoplasm - Answer colloidal substance surrounding cell nucleus; composed of water, proteins, fats,
electrolytes, glycogen, and pigments
Organelles - Answer structures within a cell that perform a distinct function
Endoplasmic Reticulum - Answer complex network of tubules, producing proteins & fats; important in
regulation of ions within cell; subway-tubular transport system
Rough ER: contains ribosomes; synthesize proteins, produces lysosomal enzymes
Smooth ER: no ribosomes; synthesizes lipid, lipoproteins and steroid hormones regulation of Ca,
detoxifies certain drugs & hormones
Golgi Apparatus - Answer membrane structure; substances from ER go to GA and are packaged to be
transferred out;
prepares substances produced by endoplasmic reticulum for secretion out of cell
ER=factory
GA=Packaging & shipping dept
Lysosomes - Answer small sacs surround by membrane; digest cellular debris with hydrolytic enzymes;
important in metabolism of particular substances
