Heart- CDM
What is cardiac output? - ANS -Amount of blood heart pumps each minute
What is the equation for cardiac output? - ANS -CO = HR x SV
What is the ejection fraction? - ANS -The percentage of total blood in the ventricle that gets
pumped out with each systolic contraction
What is a normal ejection fraction? - ANS -50-70%
What causes heart failure with reduced ejection fraction? - ANS -Failure of the ventricle to
pump out blood effectively during systolic contraction
What is the ejection fraction commonly in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction? - ANS
-<40%
What is the cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction? - ANS -Failure of ventricle to
fill properly
Does heart failure with reduced ejection fraction cause the heart to look bigger or smaller? -
ANS -Bigger- causes hypertrophic growth with thin walls
Does heart failure with preserved ejection fraction cause the heart to look bigger or smaller? -
ANS -Normal size but hypertrophy happens in an inwards pattern restricting the volume of the
ventricles
What are 5 symptoms of left sided heart failure? - ANS -1- Dyspnoea
2- Orthopnoea
3- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
4- Cough
5- Cardiac wheeze
What are 3 symptoms of right sided heart failure? - ANS -1- Oedema
2- Ascites
3- Raised JVP
Briefly, what are the 4 classes of the New York Heart Association heart failure grading? - ANS
-Class I- No limitation of physical activity
, Class II- Slight limitation of physical activity
Class III- Marked limitation of physical activity
Class IV- Unable to do any physical activity. Symptoms of heart failure at rest
What are conservative management options of heart failure? - ANS -- Salt reduction
- Stopping smoking
- Annual flu and pneumonia vaccines
- Tracking weight as sudden weight gain can represent oedema and water retention
- Exercise
What are the medications used for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction? - ANS -- ACE
Inhibitor
- Beta Blocker
- Then if symptoms aren't fully controlled SPIRONOLACTONE (Mineralocorticoid antagonist)
- Sacubitril/valsartan are angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors and can replace ACEi
- Furosemide and digoxin for symptoms
What are the treatments of heart failure with preserved ejection fracture? - ANS -- Mostly
symptomatic
- Control co-morbidities like Hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes
- Furosemide for symptoms
What 2 devices can be used in the treatment of heart failure? - ANS -1- Implantable Cardiac
Defibrillator
2- Cardiac resynchronisation therapy
What heart issue can the implantable cardiac defibrillators treat? - ANS -Potentially fatal
arrhythmia by delivering pacing or electric shock defibrillation
Who is recommended implantable cardiac defibrillators? - ANS -Those who have left ventricular
systolic dysfunction with ejection fraction <35%
Who is recommended cardiac resynchronisation therapy? - ANS -Those with poor ventricle
coordination leading to inefficient pumping of blood
What heart issue can cardiac resynchronisation therapy treat? - ANS -Prolonged QRS or left
bundle brunch block
What is CRT-D in cardiac resynchronisation therapy? - ANS -Cardiac-resynchronisation with a
defibrillator
What is CRT-P in cardiac resynchronisation therapy? - ANS -Cardiac resynchronisation therapy
without a defibrillator.
What is cardiac output? - ANS -Amount of blood heart pumps each minute
What is the equation for cardiac output? - ANS -CO = HR x SV
What is the ejection fraction? - ANS -The percentage of total blood in the ventricle that gets
pumped out with each systolic contraction
What is a normal ejection fraction? - ANS -50-70%
What causes heart failure with reduced ejection fraction? - ANS -Failure of the ventricle to
pump out blood effectively during systolic contraction
What is the ejection fraction commonly in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction? - ANS
-<40%
What is the cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction? - ANS -Failure of ventricle to
fill properly
Does heart failure with reduced ejection fraction cause the heart to look bigger or smaller? -
ANS -Bigger- causes hypertrophic growth with thin walls
Does heart failure with preserved ejection fraction cause the heart to look bigger or smaller? -
ANS -Normal size but hypertrophy happens in an inwards pattern restricting the volume of the
ventricles
What are 5 symptoms of left sided heart failure? - ANS -1- Dyspnoea
2- Orthopnoea
3- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
4- Cough
5- Cardiac wheeze
What are 3 symptoms of right sided heart failure? - ANS -1- Oedema
2- Ascites
3- Raised JVP
Briefly, what are the 4 classes of the New York Heart Association heart failure grading? - ANS
-Class I- No limitation of physical activity
, Class II- Slight limitation of physical activity
Class III- Marked limitation of physical activity
Class IV- Unable to do any physical activity. Symptoms of heart failure at rest
What are conservative management options of heart failure? - ANS -- Salt reduction
- Stopping smoking
- Annual flu and pneumonia vaccines
- Tracking weight as sudden weight gain can represent oedema and water retention
- Exercise
What are the medications used for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction? - ANS -- ACE
Inhibitor
- Beta Blocker
- Then if symptoms aren't fully controlled SPIRONOLACTONE (Mineralocorticoid antagonist)
- Sacubitril/valsartan are angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors and can replace ACEi
- Furosemide and digoxin for symptoms
What are the treatments of heart failure with preserved ejection fracture? - ANS -- Mostly
symptomatic
- Control co-morbidities like Hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes
- Furosemide for symptoms
What 2 devices can be used in the treatment of heart failure? - ANS -1- Implantable Cardiac
Defibrillator
2- Cardiac resynchronisation therapy
What heart issue can the implantable cardiac defibrillators treat? - ANS -Potentially fatal
arrhythmia by delivering pacing or electric shock defibrillation
Who is recommended implantable cardiac defibrillators? - ANS -Those who have left ventricular
systolic dysfunction with ejection fraction <35%
Who is recommended cardiac resynchronisation therapy? - ANS -Those with poor ventricle
coordination leading to inefficient pumping of blood
What heart issue can cardiac resynchronisation therapy treat? - ANS -Prolonged QRS or left
bundle brunch block
What is CRT-D in cardiac resynchronisation therapy? - ANS -Cardiac-resynchronisation with a
defibrillator
What is CRT-P in cardiac resynchronisation therapy? - ANS -Cardiac resynchronisation therapy
without a defibrillator.
