NR507: ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Leukotrienes - Answer-activate and attract neutrophils and eosinophils
What chemical mediators are synthesized by mast cells? - Answer-leukotrienes and
prostaglandins
How do mast cells synthesize chemical mediators? - Answer-Oxidation of arachidonic
acid
prostiglandins - Answer-fatty acids involved in the control of inflammation and body
temperature
stimulate nerve endings = pain
Antigen - Answer-large molecules that are foreign to the host
PAMP - Answer-pathogen-associated molecular pattern- molecular pattern on surface
of bacteria, viruses, and other microbes
DAMP - Answer-damage-associated molecular pattern - proteins that are released from
human cells when they are damaged
PRR - Answer-Pattern Recognition Receptors. Receptors that recognize PAMPs or
DAMPs
Diapedesis - Answer-passage of blood cells (especially white blood cells) through intact
capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue
Chemotaxis - Answer-Cell movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus in
the direction of the Ag
the primary phagocytic WBCs - Answer-neutrophils and monocytes
How long after insult doe neutrophils arrive? - Answer-3-6 hours
How long after insult doe monocytes arrive? - Answer-within 24 hours
What are monocytes called when actively involved in the inflammatory response? -
Answer-macrophages
, Steps of phagocytosis - Answer-opsonization and adherence - WBC attaches to
pathogen
engulfment - WBC surrounds and ingests Ag
fusion of phagosome with lysosome
destruction - the phagosome is digested by the lysosome
egestion - expelled from macrophage and cleaned by eosinophils
What is released by the WBC during phagocytic digestion? - Answer-interleukin-1
immmunogen - Answer-large molecules that are foreign to the host that are recognized
and bind to receptors on immune system components, resulting in activation of B and T
cells
immunological self-tolerance - Answer-the lack of immune responsiveness to an
individual's own tissue markers
to be immunogenic an Antigen must be.... - Answer-foreign to the host
appropriate in size
chemically complex
present in sufficient quantity
hapten - Answer-small molecule that has to bind to a larger molecule to form an antigen
Examples of haptens - Answer-peanuts, dairy, shelfish, poision ivy, medications
Where are B-cells stored for use? - Answer-bone marrow
Where are T-cells stored? - Answer-thymus
Endogenous antigens - Answer-antigens produced by microbes or from genetic
mutation that multiply inside the cells of the body
MHC I proteins are expressed on all ___________ cells - Answer-nucleated cells
exogenous antigens - Answer-foreign material remaining after phagocytic digestion of
bacteria or other Ag
Tc cell function - Answer-cytotoxic T cells that directly attack and destroy the Ag
T h1 cell funtion - Answer-release chemicals that signal more WBC to come to the area
enhancing inflammation
T r cell funtion - Answer-"regulators" shut down response once the Ag level drops
T m cell funtion - Answer-"memory" cells remain dormant until the next exposure to this
specific antigen
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Leukotrienes - Answer-activate and attract neutrophils and eosinophils
What chemical mediators are synthesized by mast cells? - Answer-leukotrienes and
prostaglandins
How do mast cells synthesize chemical mediators? - Answer-Oxidation of arachidonic
acid
prostiglandins - Answer-fatty acids involved in the control of inflammation and body
temperature
stimulate nerve endings = pain
Antigen - Answer-large molecules that are foreign to the host
PAMP - Answer-pathogen-associated molecular pattern- molecular pattern on surface
of bacteria, viruses, and other microbes
DAMP - Answer-damage-associated molecular pattern - proteins that are released from
human cells when they are damaged
PRR - Answer-Pattern Recognition Receptors. Receptors that recognize PAMPs or
DAMPs
Diapedesis - Answer-passage of blood cells (especially white blood cells) through intact
capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue
Chemotaxis - Answer-Cell movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus in
the direction of the Ag
the primary phagocytic WBCs - Answer-neutrophils and monocytes
How long after insult doe neutrophils arrive? - Answer-3-6 hours
How long after insult doe monocytes arrive? - Answer-within 24 hours
What are monocytes called when actively involved in the inflammatory response? -
Answer-macrophages
, Steps of phagocytosis - Answer-opsonization and adherence - WBC attaches to
pathogen
engulfment - WBC surrounds and ingests Ag
fusion of phagosome with lysosome
destruction - the phagosome is digested by the lysosome
egestion - expelled from macrophage and cleaned by eosinophils
What is released by the WBC during phagocytic digestion? - Answer-interleukin-1
immmunogen - Answer-large molecules that are foreign to the host that are recognized
and bind to receptors on immune system components, resulting in activation of B and T
cells
immunological self-tolerance - Answer-the lack of immune responsiveness to an
individual's own tissue markers
to be immunogenic an Antigen must be.... - Answer-foreign to the host
appropriate in size
chemically complex
present in sufficient quantity
hapten - Answer-small molecule that has to bind to a larger molecule to form an antigen
Examples of haptens - Answer-peanuts, dairy, shelfish, poision ivy, medications
Where are B-cells stored for use? - Answer-bone marrow
Where are T-cells stored? - Answer-thymus
Endogenous antigens - Answer-antigens produced by microbes or from genetic
mutation that multiply inside the cells of the body
MHC I proteins are expressed on all ___________ cells - Answer-nucleated cells
exogenous antigens - Answer-foreign material remaining after phagocytic digestion of
bacteria or other Ag
Tc cell function - Answer-cytotoxic T cells that directly attack and destroy the Ag
T h1 cell funtion - Answer-release chemicals that signal more WBC to come to the area
enhancing inflammation
T r cell funtion - Answer-"regulators" shut down response once the Ag level drops
T m cell funtion - Answer-"memory" cells remain dormant until the next exposure to this
specific antigen
