NR 507- ADVANCED PATHO MIDTERM
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
causes of iron deficiency anemia - Answer-dietary deficiency, impaired absorption,
increased requirement, chronic blood loss
Thalassemia - Answer-Genetic with many possible mutations
Low MCHC
Anemia of chronic disease/inflammation - Answer-Initially normocytic-normochromic but
changes to microcytic-hypochromic
caused by decreased erythropoiesis and impaired iron utilization in those with chronic
disease/inflammation
i.e. CHF, CKD, infections
Hemolytic anemia - Answer-premature accelerated destruction of erythrocytes
Causes of hemolytic anemia - Answer-Acquired (transfusion reaction, hemolytic disease
of newborns, drug, infectious, etc.)
Genetic (structural defects, plasma protein mutation, enzyme deficiencies)
Aplastic anemia - Answer-normal MCHC
Suspect if levels of circulating erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets are also
diminished
Sickle cell trait - Answer-Asymptomatic
Carry only one copy of hemoglobin gene
Sickle cell disease - Answer-Symptomatic
Carries two abnormal hemoglobin genes
Primary immunodeficiencies - Answer-Defect occurs during immune system
development
less common
can involve antibody deficiencies, B and T cell deficiencies, etc.
Secondary immunodeficiencies - Answer-Immune system becomes compromised by
something else
More common
i.e. cancer, drug effect, infections, malnutrition, HIV
Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reaction - Answer-IgE mediated reaction
Inflammation d/t mast cell degranulation
S/S: wheezing, itching, rash
, i.e. atopic dermatitis, anaphylaxis
Type 2 Hypersensitivity Reaction - Answer-Cytotoxic reaction
Tissue specific
Causes tissue damage or alters function
i.e. Grave's disease (thyroid function altered by not destroyed) or incompatible blood
type (cell/tissue damage occurs- erythrocytes are destroyed)
Type 3 Hypersensitivity Reaction - Answer-Antibody binds to soluble antigen forming
antibody complexes that are deposited into various tissues
i.e. RA, SLE
Type 4 Hypersensitivity Reaction - Answer-T-cell mediated
Delayed response
i.e. contact dermatitis
Alloimmunity - Answer-When an individuals immune system reacts against antigens on
tissues of other members of same species
i.e. transplant rejection, transfusion reaction, neonatal disease where maternal immune
system becomes sensitized against antigens expressed by fetus
Genetics of Autoimmune disease - Answer-Often familial but appear as different
autoimmune conditions in different family members
Cardiac output - Answer-volume of blood pumped from each ventricle per minute
The stroke volume x heart rate
Preload - Answer-the amount of stretch produced by volume
decreased by hemorrhage, dehydration, diuretics
Afterload - Answer-The amount of resistance the ventricle must overcome to pump
blood
Increased by hypertension, pulmonary disease, and damage to aortic valve
S/S of Aortic Stenosis - Answer-Angina
Syncope
Sustained, laterally displace apical pulse
Reduced systolic blood pressure
Narrow pulse pressure
Slow HR
Faint pulse
Aortic stenosis murmur - Answer-S4 gallop
Mid-systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur heard loudest at base and radiating to
neck
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
causes of iron deficiency anemia - Answer-dietary deficiency, impaired absorption,
increased requirement, chronic blood loss
Thalassemia - Answer-Genetic with many possible mutations
Low MCHC
Anemia of chronic disease/inflammation - Answer-Initially normocytic-normochromic but
changes to microcytic-hypochromic
caused by decreased erythropoiesis and impaired iron utilization in those with chronic
disease/inflammation
i.e. CHF, CKD, infections
Hemolytic anemia - Answer-premature accelerated destruction of erythrocytes
Causes of hemolytic anemia - Answer-Acquired (transfusion reaction, hemolytic disease
of newborns, drug, infectious, etc.)
Genetic (structural defects, plasma protein mutation, enzyme deficiencies)
Aplastic anemia - Answer-normal MCHC
Suspect if levels of circulating erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets are also
diminished
Sickle cell trait - Answer-Asymptomatic
Carry only one copy of hemoglobin gene
Sickle cell disease - Answer-Symptomatic
Carries two abnormal hemoglobin genes
Primary immunodeficiencies - Answer-Defect occurs during immune system
development
less common
can involve antibody deficiencies, B and T cell deficiencies, etc.
Secondary immunodeficiencies - Answer-Immune system becomes compromised by
something else
More common
i.e. cancer, drug effect, infections, malnutrition, HIV
Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reaction - Answer-IgE mediated reaction
Inflammation d/t mast cell degranulation
S/S: wheezing, itching, rash
, i.e. atopic dermatitis, anaphylaxis
Type 2 Hypersensitivity Reaction - Answer-Cytotoxic reaction
Tissue specific
Causes tissue damage or alters function
i.e. Grave's disease (thyroid function altered by not destroyed) or incompatible blood
type (cell/tissue damage occurs- erythrocytes are destroyed)
Type 3 Hypersensitivity Reaction - Answer-Antibody binds to soluble antigen forming
antibody complexes that are deposited into various tissues
i.e. RA, SLE
Type 4 Hypersensitivity Reaction - Answer-T-cell mediated
Delayed response
i.e. contact dermatitis
Alloimmunity - Answer-When an individuals immune system reacts against antigens on
tissues of other members of same species
i.e. transplant rejection, transfusion reaction, neonatal disease where maternal immune
system becomes sensitized against antigens expressed by fetus
Genetics of Autoimmune disease - Answer-Often familial but appear as different
autoimmune conditions in different family members
Cardiac output - Answer-volume of blood pumped from each ventricle per minute
The stroke volume x heart rate
Preload - Answer-the amount of stretch produced by volume
decreased by hemorrhage, dehydration, diuretics
Afterload - Answer-The amount of resistance the ventricle must overcome to pump
blood
Increased by hypertension, pulmonary disease, and damage to aortic valve
S/S of Aortic Stenosis - Answer-Angina
Syncope
Sustained, laterally displace apical pulse
Reduced systolic blood pressure
Narrow pulse pressure
Slow HR
Faint pulse
Aortic stenosis murmur - Answer-S4 gallop
Mid-systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur heard loudest at base and radiating to
neck
