ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NR 507
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Answer-SECRETORY CELL TYPE:
Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic hormones
Prolactin, - Answer-Milk production
TSH - Answer-Increased production and secretion of thyroid hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - Answer-Ovulation, progesterone production (in glanulosa
cells)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Answer-Follicle maturation, estrogen production
(In Women: Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli Cells)
B-Lipotropin - Answer-Fat breakdown and release of fatty acids (Corticotropic, from
Adipose Cells)
B-Endorphins - Answer-Analgesia; may regulate body temp, food and water intake
(Corticotropic, Adipose cells, brain opioid receptors)
ADH functions - Answer-Homeostasis, control plasma osmolality. Acts of Vasopressin 2
(V2) receptors of renal tubular cells to increase permeability which leads to increased
water reabsorption into the blood and production of more concentrated urine, these may
be inhibited by hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E, and hypokalemia.
Osmoreceptors - Answer-
High levels of ADH - Answer-Acts on Vasopressin 1 receptors causing vasoconstriction
ADH secretion is controlled by: - Answer-osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus.
Stimulated by increased plasma osmolality, then ADH secretion is increased, water is
then reabsorbed from the kidney, and plasma is diluted to its' setpoint osmolality (280
mOsm/kg). ADH has an indirect affect on electrolyte levels due to increased water
reabsorption. Electrolytes may decrease.
ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular volume monitored by
mechanoreceptors in left atrium and carotid and aortic arches. Volume loss through
trauma (7%-25%) acts on receptors to stimulate ADH secretion.
,ADH secretion decreased with: - Answer-Decrease in plasma osmolality, increase in
intravascular volume, hypertension, increase in estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin II
levels, and alcohol ingestion
ADH (given as Vasopressin) may help to: - Answer-Increase BP and to achieve
hemostasis during volume loss during shock states.
Oxytocin - Answer-Responsible for contraction of uterus and milk ejection in lactation,
and may effect sperm motility in men. Oxytocin is stimulated by sucking and mechanical
distention of femaile reproduction tract. Oxytocin binds to myoepithelial cells in
mammary tissues and causes the contraction of those cells. "let down" reflex
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary - Answer-ACTH, MSH, LH, GH, FSH, and TSH
Anterior Pituitary composed of two main cell types: - Answer-Chromophobes, and
chromophils
Chromophobes appear to be non-secretory, and Chromophils are secretory cells of the
adenohypophysis.
Chromophils and its' seven secretory cell types - Answer-
Regulation of anterior pituitary is achieved by: - Answer-feedback from hypothalamic
releasing-inhibitory hormones and factors, and feedback from target gland hormones
(cortisol, estrogen).
Growth Hormone secretion is controlled by 2 hormones from the __________________,
______________________and ________________ - Answer-hypothalamus, Growth
Hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) which releases, and somatostatin which inhibits
GH.
GH is released by the? - Answer-GH is released from the pituitary in a pulsatile fashion,
and overall secretion peaks during adolescence.
GH is essential for what? - Answer-Growth, effects of aging, sleep, nutritional status,
stress, and reproductive hormones
Anabolic functions of GH are mediated by? - Answer-partially by insulin-like growth
factors (IGF's) or also called somatomedins.
IGF (insulin-like growth factors) - Answer-IGF-1, and IGF-2, IGF-1 most biologically
active. IGF-2 causes a negative effect on tissue thus balancing IGF-1
Pineal Gland - Answer-Located in the brain and composed of photoreceptive cells that
secrete melatonin.
, Melatonin - Answer-In Pineal Gland. Its' release is stimulated by darkness, and inhibited
by light exposure. It is synthesized from tryptophan which is first converted to serotonin
than to melatonin.
Thyroid hormone (TH) is regulated by: - Answer-through a negative feedback loop
involving hypothalamus
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) - Answer-synthesized and stored within the
hypothalamus initiates negative feedback loop
TRH levels increase with exposure to what? - Answer-Cold or stress and decreased
levels of T4.
TSH is a glycoprotein synthesized and stored where? - Answer-Anterior pituitary
When TSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary it circulates to bind with what? - Answer-
TSH receptor sites located on plasma membrane of thyroid follicular cells
What are the effects of TSH on the thyroid? - Answer-increase in release of stored
thyroid hormone, increase in iodide uptake and oxidation, and increase in thyroid
hormone synthesis, increase in the synthesis and secretion of prostaglandins by the
thyroid.
Thyroid hormones have a ____________feedback effect. - Answer-Negative
Thyroid hormone inhibit what hormones? - Answer-TRH and TSH which decreased TH
synthesis and secretion.
T3 and T4 thyroid hormones regulate many functions in body. - Answer-
Calcitonin - Answer-Elevated serum calcium (major stimulant for calcitonin), regulates
gastrin, pregnancy, lowered serum calcium, (suppresses calcitonin release).
Calcitonin lowers serum calcium by opposing bone resorbing effects of PTH,
prostaglandins, and calciferols by inhibiting osteoclastic activity.
Thyroid hormones affect many body tissues and influence the genetic expression of
specific proteins. They affect cell metabolism by altering what? - Answer-protein, fat and
glucose metabolism, and as a result heat production and oxygen consumption are
increased.
Calcitonin are used to treat what? - Answer-Osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, Paget bone
disease, hypercalcemia, osteogensesis imperfecta, and metastatic cancer of bone.
Precursor molecule to calcitonin is what? - Answer-procalcitonin (stress hormone) which
is elevated in infection and inflammation and can aid in diagnosing disease.
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Answer-SECRETORY CELL TYPE:
Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic hormones
Prolactin, - Answer-Milk production
TSH - Answer-Increased production and secretion of thyroid hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - Answer-Ovulation, progesterone production (in glanulosa
cells)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Answer-Follicle maturation, estrogen production
(In Women: Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli Cells)
B-Lipotropin - Answer-Fat breakdown and release of fatty acids (Corticotropic, from
Adipose Cells)
B-Endorphins - Answer-Analgesia; may regulate body temp, food and water intake
(Corticotropic, Adipose cells, brain opioid receptors)
ADH functions - Answer-Homeostasis, control plasma osmolality. Acts of Vasopressin 2
(V2) receptors of renal tubular cells to increase permeability which leads to increased
water reabsorption into the blood and production of more concentrated urine, these may
be inhibited by hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E, and hypokalemia.
Osmoreceptors - Answer-
High levels of ADH - Answer-Acts on Vasopressin 1 receptors causing vasoconstriction
ADH secretion is controlled by: - Answer-osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus.
Stimulated by increased plasma osmolality, then ADH secretion is increased, water is
then reabsorbed from the kidney, and plasma is diluted to its' setpoint osmolality (280
mOsm/kg). ADH has an indirect affect on electrolyte levels due to increased water
reabsorption. Electrolytes may decrease.
ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular volume monitored by
mechanoreceptors in left atrium and carotid and aortic arches. Volume loss through
trauma (7%-25%) acts on receptors to stimulate ADH secretion.
,ADH secretion decreased with: - Answer-Decrease in plasma osmolality, increase in
intravascular volume, hypertension, increase in estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin II
levels, and alcohol ingestion
ADH (given as Vasopressin) may help to: - Answer-Increase BP and to achieve
hemostasis during volume loss during shock states.
Oxytocin - Answer-Responsible for contraction of uterus and milk ejection in lactation,
and may effect sperm motility in men. Oxytocin is stimulated by sucking and mechanical
distention of femaile reproduction tract. Oxytocin binds to myoepithelial cells in
mammary tissues and causes the contraction of those cells. "let down" reflex
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary - Answer-ACTH, MSH, LH, GH, FSH, and TSH
Anterior Pituitary composed of two main cell types: - Answer-Chromophobes, and
chromophils
Chromophobes appear to be non-secretory, and Chromophils are secretory cells of the
adenohypophysis.
Chromophils and its' seven secretory cell types - Answer-
Regulation of anterior pituitary is achieved by: - Answer-feedback from hypothalamic
releasing-inhibitory hormones and factors, and feedback from target gland hormones
(cortisol, estrogen).
Growth Hormone secretion is controlled by 2 hormones from the __________________,
______________________and ________________ - Answer-hypothalamus, Growth
Hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) which releases, and somatostatin which inhibits
GH.
GH is released by the? - Answer-GH is released from the pituitary in a pulsatile fashion,
and overall secretion peaks during adolescence.
GH is essential for what? - Answer-Growth, effects of aging, sleep, nutritional status,
stress, and reproductive hormones
Anabolic functions of GH are mediated by? - Answer-partially by insulin-like growth
factors (IGF's) or also called somatomedins.
IGF (insulin-like growth factors) - Answer-IGF-1, and IGF-2, IGF-1 most biologically
active. IGF-2 causes a negative effect on tissue thus balancing IGF-1
Pineal Gland - Answer-Located in the brain and composed of photoreceptive cells that
secrete melatonin.
, Melatonin - Answer-In Pineal Gland. Its' release is stimulated by darkness, and inhibited
by light exposure. It is synthesized from tryptophan which is first converted to serotonin
than to melatonin.
Thyroid hormone (TH) is regulated by: - Answer-through a negative feedback loop
involving hypothalamus
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) - Answer-synthesized and stored within the
hypothalamus initiates negative feedback loop
TRH levels increase with exposure to what? - Answer-Cold or stress and decreased
levels of T4.
TSH is a glycoprotein synthesized and stored where? - Answer-Anterior pituitary
When TSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary it circulates to bind with what? - Answer-
TSH receptor sites located on plasma membrane of thyroid follicular cells
What are the effects of TSH on the thyroid? - Answer-increase in release of stored
thyroid hormone, increase in iodide uptake and oxidation, and increase in thyroid
hormone synthesis, increase in the synthesis and secretion of prostaglandins by the
thyroid.
Thyroid hormones have a ____________feedback effect. - Answer-Negative
Thyroid hormone inhibit what hormones? - Answer-TRH and TSH which decreased TH
synthesis and secretion.
T3 and T4 thyroid hormones regulate many functions in body. - Answer-
Calcitonin - Answer-Elevated serum calcium (major stimulant for calcitonin), regulates
gastrin, pregnancy, lowered serum calcium, (suppresses calcitonin release).
Calcitonin lowers serum calcium by opposing bone resorbing effects of PTH,
prostaglandins, and calciferols by inhibiting osteoclastic activity.
Thyroid hormones affect many body tissues and influence the genetic expression of
specific proteins. They affect cell metabolism by altering what? - Answer-protein, fat and
glucose metabolism, and as a result heat production and oxygen consumption are
increased.
Calcitonin are used to treat what? - Answer-Osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, Paget bone
disease, hypercalcemia, osteogensesis imperfecta, and metastatic cancer of bone.
Precursor molecule to calcitonin is what? - Answer-procalcitonin (stress hormone) which
is elevated in infection and inflammation and can aid in diagnosing disease.
