Biol 235 Final Exam Questions With Correct
Detailed Answers.
Erythrocytes contain the enzyme - ANSWER- carbonic anhydrase
carbonic anhydrase catalyzes - ANSWER- the conversion of metabolically produced
C)2 and water into carbonic acid
fixed phagocytic macrophages - ANSWER- remove most old erythrocytes from
circulation
Location of fixed phagocytic macrophages - ANSWER- narrow capillaries of the spleen
Undifferentiated cells called pluripotent stem cells reside - ANSWER- in the bone
marrow
pluripotent stem cells - ANSWER- continuously divide and develop myeloid stem cells
and lymphoid stem cells to give rise to each of the types of blood cells
emigration or diapedesis - ANSWER- The process of leukocytes squeezing through the
capillary endothelium to exit the vasculature
agglutinins - ANSWER- genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens
found on the surface of an erythrocyte
ESV - ANSWER- volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been completed
Increase in ESV when - ANSWER- stroke volume is decreased
Three cations with important effect on heart function - ANSWER- K+, Ca2+, and Na+
Increased blood levels of NA+ - ANSWER- blocks Ca2+ inflow and decreases force of
contraction
Excess in K+ - ANSWER- blocks generation of action potentials
pharynx - ANSWER- serves as a sound resonating chamber, contains tonsils, directs air
flow inferiorly
larynx - ANSWER- passes air form pharynx into windpipe, site of sound production
paranasal sinuses - ANSWER- resonates sound, not part of the pharynx
,fauces - ANSWER- opening from oral cavity into pharynx
tertiary bronchus - ANSWER- carries air to a segment of a lung
terminal bronchiole - ANSWER- carries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole
pleural membranes - ANSWER- surround the lungs
surfactant - ANSWER- reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange
alveoli - ANSWER- actual sites of gas exchange
eupnea - ANSWER- normal, quiet breathing
costal breathing - ANSWER- shallow breathing using just the external intercostal
muscles
compliance - ANSWER- amount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest wall
inspiratory capacity - ANSWER- tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually
about 3600 mL in males
vital capacity - ANSWER- tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve
volume; usually about 4800 mL in males
functional residual capacity - ANSWER- residual volume + expiratory reserve volume;
usually about 2400 mL in males
Henry's law - ANSWER- states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is
proportional to the partial pressure of that gas and its solubility
Bohr effect - ANSWER- when pH decreases, O2 saturation of hemoglobin decreases
Dalton's law - ANSWER- each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own partial pressure
medulla oblongata - ANSWER- sets basic rhythm of breathing
pons - ANSWER- includes the pontine respiratory group
Blood is - ANSWER- a connective tissue that consists of blood plasma (liquid) plus
formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets)
Whole blood - ANSWER- blood plasma and formed elements
Blood plasma - ANSWER- proteins, water, other solutes
, Blood plasma proteins - ANSWER- albumins (54%), globulins (36%), fibrinogens (7%)
Formed elements - ANSWER- red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Blood cell production - ANSWER- hemopoesis, mainly occurs in red bone marrow after
birth
Reticulocyte - ANSWER- from proerythrocyte, ejects nucleus
Average lifespan of an erythrocyte - ANSWER- 120 days
Rate of RBC formation by red blood cells - ANSWER- equals the rate of RBC
destruction by macrophages
Emigration or diapedesis is - ANSWER- the process by which phagocytic cells leave
blood vessels
WBCs use to destroy pathogens - ANSWER- lysozyme, defensins, and certain anions
Neutrophils - ANSWER- are usually the first and most numerous responders to an
infection
Macrophages - ANSWER- react more slowly to an infection than neutrophils do
Pluripotent stem cells are derived from - ANSWER- mesenchyme
Megakaryoblasts - ANSWER- platelet precursor cells, develop into megakaryocytes
Platelet - ANSWER- fragment of megakaryocyte that is enclosed by a piece of plasma
membrane
Platelet plug - ANSWER- can stop blood loss completely if the hole in a blood vessel is
small enough
Hemostasis - ANSWER- sequence of responses that stops bleeding, vascular spasm,
platelet plug formation, blood clotting
Blood clot - ANSWER- gel that contains formed elements of the blood entangled in fibrin
threads
In blood clotting - ANSWER- coagulation factors are activated in sequence, resulting in
a cascade of reactions that includes positive feedback cycles
Extrinsic pathway of blood clotting - ANSWER- fewer steps, thromboplastic leaks into
the blood from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and initiates the formation of
prothrombinase
Detailed Answers.
Erythrocytes contain the enzyme - ANSWER- carbonic anhydrase
carbonic anhydrase catalyzes - ANSWER- the conversion of metabolically produced
C)2 and water into carbonic acid
fixed phagocytic macrophages - ANSWER- remove most old erythrocytes from
circulation
Location of fixed phagocytic macrophages - ANSWER- narrow capillaries of the spleen
Undifferentiated cells called pluripotent stem cells reside - ANSWER- in the bone
marrow
pluripotent stem cells - ANSWER- continuously divide and develop myeloid stem cells
and lymphoid stem cells to give rise to each of the types of blood cells
emigration or diapedesis - ANSWER- The process of leukocytes squeezing through the
capillary endothelium to exit the vasculature
agglutinins - ANSWER- genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens
found on the surface of an erythrocyte
ESV - ANSWER- volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been completed
Increase in ESV when - ANSWER- stroke volume is decreased
Three cations with important effect on heart function - ANSWER- K+, Ca2+, and Na+
Increased blood levels of NA+ - ANSWER- blocks Ca2+ inflow and decreases force of
contraction
Excess in K+ - ANSWER- blocks generation of action potentials
pharynx - ANSWER- serves as a sound resonating chamber, contains tonsils, directs air
flow inferiorly
larynx - ANSWER- passes air form pharynx into windpipe, site of sound production
paranasal sinuses - ANSWER- resonates sound, not part of the pharynx
,fauces - ANSWER- opening from oral cavity into pharynx
tertiary bronchus - ANSWER- carries air to a segment of a lung
terminal bronchiole - ANSWER- carries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole
pleural membranes - ANSWER- surround the lungs
surfactant - ANSWER- reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange
alveoli - ANSWER- actual sites of gas exchange
eupnea - ANSWER- normal, quiet breathing
costal breathing - ANSWER- shallow breathing using just the external intercostal
muscles
compliance - ANSWER- amount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest wall
inspiratory capacity - ANSWER- tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually
about 3600 mL in males
vital capacity - ANSWER- tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve
volume; usually about 4800 mL in males
functional residual capacity - ANSWER- residual volume + expiratory reserve volume;
usually about 2400 mL in males
Henry's law - ANSWER- states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is
proportional to the partial pressure of that gas and its solubility
Bohr effect - ANSWER- when pH decreases, O2 saturation of hemoglobin decreases
Dalton's law - ANSWER- each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own partial pressure
medulla oblongata - ANSWER- sets basic rhythm of breathing
pons - ANSWER- includes the pontine respiratory group
Blood is - ANSWER- a connective tissue that consists of blood plasma (liquid) plus
formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets)
Whole blood - ANSWER- blood plasma and formed elements
Blood plasma - ANSWER- proteins, water, other solutes
, Blood plasma proteins - ANSWER- albumins (54%), globulins (36%), fibrinogens (7%)
Formed elements - ANSWER- red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Blood cell production - ANSWER- hemopoesis, mainly occurs in red bone marrow after
birth
Reticulocyte - ANSWER- from proerythrocyte, ejects nucleus
Average lifespan of an erythrocyte - ANSWER- 120 days
Rate of RBC formation by red blood cells - ANSWER- equals the rate of RBC
destruction by macrophages
Emigration or diapedesis is - ANSWER- the process by which phagocytic cells leave
blood vessels
WBCs use to destroy pathogens - ANSWER- lysozyme, defensins, and certain anions
Neutrophils - ANSWER- are usually the first and most numerous responders to an
infection
Macrophages - ANSWER- react more slowly to an infection than neutrophils do
Pluripotent stem cells are derived from - ANSWER- mesenchyme
Megakaryoblasts - ANSWER- platelet precursor cells, develop into megakaryocytes
Platelet - ANSWER- fragment of megakaryocyte that is enclosed by a piece of plasma
membrane
Platelet plug - ANSWER- can stop blood loss completely if the hole in a blood vessel is
small enough
Hemostasis - ANSWER- sequence of responses that stops bleeding, vascular spasm,
platelet plug formation, blood clotting
Blood clot - ANSWER- gel that contains formed elements of the blood entangled in fibrin
threads
In blood clotting - ANSWER- coagulation factors are activated in sequence, resulting in
a cascade of reactions that includes positive feedback cycles
Extrinsic pathway of blood clotting - ANSWER- fewer steps, thromboplastic leaks into
the blood from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and initiates the formation of
prothrombinase
