Chemistry class 12th Concentration of solutions

Concentration of Solutions




The concentration of a solution refers to the amount of solute present in a given quantity

of solvent or solution. It can be expressed in different ways:



1. **Mass Percentage (w/w%)**

Mass % = (Mass of solute / Mass of solution) × 100



2. **Volume Percentage (v/v%)**

Volume % = (Volume of solute / Volume of solution) × 100



3. **Mass-Volume Percentage (w/v%)**

Mass-Volume % = (Mass of solute (g) / Volume of solution (mL)) × 100



4. **Molarity (M)**

M = (Moles of solute / Volume of solution in liters)



5. **Molality (m)**

m = (Moles of solute / Mass of solvent in kg)



6. **Normality (N)**

N = (Equivalents of solute / Volume of solution in liters)



7. **Parts per Million (ppm) and Parts per Billion (ppb)**

Used for very dilute solutions, such as pollutants in water.