Psychology 387 - Essential Concepts exam
with correct answers
In ||order ||to ||compare ||the ||effectiveness ||of ||graduated ||exposure ||to ||the ||symptoms ||of ||PTSD, ||
patients ||were ||assigned ||to ||receive ||exposure ||therapy ||or ||placed ||in ||a ||non-treatment ||group, ||
bother ||for ||12-weeks ||long. ||The ||researchers ||attempted ||to ||ensure ||that ||the ||patients ||in ||the ||two ||
groups ||had ||a ||similar ||severity ||of ||PTSD ||symptoms ||by ||administering ||a ||standardized ||test ||to ||each ||
participant. ||After ||12 ||weeks ||of ||training, ||the ||researchers ||found ||that ||the ||graduated ||exposure ||
group ||involved ||significantly ||more ||than ||the ||non-treatment ||group. ||- ||correct ||answerAnalysis ||- ||The
||independent ||variable ||in ||this ||experiment ||is ||the ||type ||of ||therapy. ||The ||researcher ||manipulated ||
the ||type ||of ||therapy ||since ||exposed ||one ||group ||to ||exposure ||therapy ||but ||did ||not ||use ||this ||on ||
the ||other ||group. ||The ||dependent ||variable ||here ||is ||the ||severity ||of ||PTSD ||symptoms, ||which ||were ||
measured ||to ||see ||what ||effect ||the ||independent ||variable ||(therapy) ||had ||on ||it. ||A ||controlled ||
variable ||here ||was ||the ||patient's ||pretreatment ||symptom ||levels. ||The ||researcher ||giving ||different ||
values ||of ||the ||independent ||variable ||to ||different ||groups, ||make ||the ||experiment ||a ||group ||
(between-subjects) ||design ||(i.e. ||the ||treatment ||group ||was ||given ||therapy ||while ||the ||control ||group ||
was ||not ||(a ||zero ||value ||of ||the ||independent ||variable).
A ||group ||of ||children ||who ||were ||diagnosed ||with ||autism ||with ||attentional ||problems. ||Dr. ||Irvine ||
conducted ||a ||study ||to ||see ||how ||white ||noise ||could ||improve ||attention. ||They ||began ||by ||recording ||
the ||children's ||reaction ||time ||on ||simple ||tasks ||for ||15 ||minutes. ||All ||students ||received ||the ||same ||
reaction ||time ||task ||(with ||no ||white ||noise). ||During ||the ||next ||phase ||(treatment), ||the ||group ||was ||
exposed ||to ||the ||same ||task ||for ||the ||same ||period ||of ||time ||with ||white ||noise ||playing ||on ||the ||room.
||The ||final ||phase ||consisted ||of ||15-minute ||sessions ||that ||was ||identical ||to ||the ||first ||phase ||(no ||
white ||noise). ||Results ||showed ||that ||the ||children's ||reaction ||time ||was ||poor ||during ||the ||baseline ||
phase, ||improved ||during ||the ||treatment ||phase ||but ||became ||poor ||during ||the ||final ||phase. ||The ||
authors ||concluded ||that ||white ||noise ||could ||improve ||reaction ||time. ||- ||correct ||answerAnalysis ||- ||In ||
this ||experiment, ||the ||independent ||variable ||is ||the ||children's ||reaction ||to ||the ||white ||noise. ||Dr. ||
Irvine ||manipulated ||this ||variable ||across ||time ||by ||applying ||it ||during ||three ||different ||phases. ||This ||
experiment ||is ||a ||within-subjects ||design ||because ||the ||same ||subjects ||received ||different ||values ||of ||
the ||independent ||variables ||at ||different ||period ||of ||time ||during ||the ||experiment ||(i.e. ||the ||white ||
noise ||alternated ||with ||the ||absence ||of ||such). ||The ||dependent ||variable ||was ||the ||children's ||reaction
||time. ||This ||would ||be ||described ||as ||an ||ABA ||reversal ||design.
Leslie's ||hockey ||team ||was ||impressed ||with ||new ||carbon ||fiber ||hockey ||sticks ||they ||received. ||Leslie ||
decided ||to ||measure ||how ||effective ||the ||new ||sticks ||were ||for ||the ||team ||so ||she ||kept ||careful ||
statistics ||of ||shooting ||accuracy. ||After ||10 ||games, ||the ||team's ||shooting ||accuracy ||improved ||by ||15%.
||- ||correct ||answerAnalysis ||- ||This ||is ||not ||an ||experiment ||because ||there ||is ||no ||independent ||
,variable. ||To ||have ||a ||true ||independent ||variable, ||Leslie ||needed ||to ||manipulate ||the ||type ||of ||hockey
||stick ||by ||assigning ||the ||new ||stick ||to ||one ||group ||of ||subjects ||while ||the ||other ||group ||used ||their ||
old ||sticks ||and ||then ||monitoring ||the ||shooting ||accuracy ||of ||each ||group.
Dr. ||Farquhar ||was ||interested ||in ||the ||effects ||of ||meditation ||on ||blood ||pressure ||in ||heart ||patients. ||
She ||divided ||a ||group ||of ||patients ||into ||two ||groups. ||One ||group ||was ||taught ||to ||meditate, ||the ||
other ||was ||not. ||Before ||starting ||the ||experiment, ||Dr. ||f ||took ||baseline ||measures ||of ||blood ||pressure,
||making ||sure ||that ||the ||average ||blood ||pressure ||between ||the ||two ||groups ||was ||equal ||and ||she ||
prescribed ||the ||same ||diet ||for ||both ||groups. ||After ||4 ||weeks ||of ||meditation ||training, ||she ||found ||no
||difference ||between ||the ||two ||groups ||in ||blood ||pressure, ||even ||when ||blood ||pressure ||was ||
measured ||just ||after ||meditating. ||- ||correct ||answerAnalysis ||- ||This ||is ||a ||between-subject ||design ||
because ||there ||are ||two ||groups ||being ||used. ||One ||being ||taught ||to ||meditate ||and ||the ||other ||not. ||
The ||independent ||variable ||would ||be ||the ||use ||of ||meditation. ||Dependent ||variable ||is ||the ||blood ||
pressure ||levels. ||Controlled ||variable ||is ||the ||baseline ||blood ||pressure ||levels ||and ||the ||same ||diet
Iain, ||a ||third ||grade ||teacher, ||was ||interested ||in ||the ||effects ||of ||rewards ||on ||the ||accuracy ||with ||
which ||his ||students ||solved ||math ||problems. ||For ||one ||week, ||he ||bestowed ||lavish ||praise ||on ||
students ||who ||received ||80% ||or ||better ||on ||daily ||15-minute ||math ||problem ||drills. ||During ||the ||next
||week, ||he ||discontinued ||this ||reward ||system ||but ||continued ||to ||measure ||students ||test ||
performances. ||Finally, ||for ||the ||third ||week, ||Iain ||reinstituted ||the ||praise ||reward. ||Throughout ||the ||
experiment, ||Iain ||made ||sure ||that ||the ||problems ||were ||of ||equal ||difficulty. ||When ||he ||analyzed ||the ||
data, ||Iain ||found ||that ||during ||the ||first ||week, ||average ||problem ||solving ||accuracy ||reached ||86%. ||
During ||the ||second ||week, ||it ||declined ||to ||65% ||but ||rose ||again ||to ||84% ||during ||the ||third ||week. ||- ||
correct ||answerAnalysis ||- ||This ||is ||a ||within-subject ||design ||because ||the ||same ||group ||was ||used ||
through ||the ||entire ||experiment. ||It ||is ||ABA ||design ||as ||well ||because ||the ||first ||week ||started ||with ||
praise, ||then ||discontinued ||in ||the ||second ||week ||and ||was ||brought ||back ||in ||the ||third ||week, ||
although ||there ||was ||never ||a ||baseline ||period ||measured. ||The ||independent ||variable ||was ||the ||
praise ||Iain ||gave, ||as ||it ||was ||the ||variable ||that ||changed ||through ||the ||different ||phases. ||The ||
dependent ||variable ||is ||the ||student's ||scores ||because ||they ||were ||no ||manipulated ||but ||changed ||
with ||the ||introduction ||of ||the ||IV. ||The ||controlled ||variable ||was ||the ||test ||difficulty ||being ||the ||same
||throughout.
a) ||Liz ||has ||bronchial ||asthma ||and ||chose ||to ||participate ||in ||a ||medical ||experiment. ||During ||the ||
experiment, ||she ||was ||seated ||at ||an ||apparatus ||that ||consisted ||of ||a ||box ||from ||which ||several ||
rubber ||tubes ||came ||out, ||all ||of ||which ||were ||attached ||to ||a ||mouthpiece ||from ||which ||Liz ||was ||
administered ||various ||substances. ||Because ||several ||tubes ||were ||used, ||different ||substances ||could ||
be ||given ||to ||Liz ||without ||her ||knowing ||which ||substances ||were ||which. ||Initial ||testing ||showed ||that ||
when ||an ||extract ||of ||pollen ||and ||grass ||was ||administered, ||Liz ||had ||an ||asthmatic ||attack. ||In ||
contrast ||when ||a ||neutral ||solvent ||was ||administered, ||it ||had ||no ||effect. ||However, ||after ||several ||
days ||of ||testing ||Liz ||began ||to ||have ||asthmatic ||attacks ||induced ||by ||the ||neutral ||solvent ||alone. ||
Eventually, ||Liz ||began ||having ||asthmatic ||attacks ||triggered ||by ||being ||fitted ||with ||the ||mouthpiece.
, b) ||Liz ||has ||bronchial ||asthma ||and ||chose ||to ||participate ||in ||a ||medical ||experiment. ||During ||the ||
experiment, ||she ||was ||seated ||at ||an ||a ||- ||correct ||answerItem ||"a" ||is ||an ||example ||of ||Pavlovian ||
conditioning. ||The ||US ||for ||asthmas ||were ||pollen ||and ||grass ||extracts ||and ||the ||UR ||was ||the ||
asthmatic ||attack. ||The ||neutral ||solvent ||and ||exposure ||to ||the ||mouthpiece ||were ||initially ||NS. ||They ||
predicted ||the ||US ||during ||the ||study ||and ||this ||predication ||established ||the ||neutral ||solvent ||and ||
mouthpiece ||as ||CS's ||for ||the ||CR ||of ||a ||conditioned ||asthmas ||attack ||(CR). ||Item ||"b" ||is ||not ||an ||
example ||of ||Pavlovian ||conditioning. ||The ||pollen ||can ||be ||considered ||a ||US ||for ||the ||UR ||of ||asthmatic
||attack. ||However, ||there ||is ||no ||mention ||of ||a ||neutral ||stimulus ||that ||predicted ||the ||US ||and ||
thereby ||acquired ||the ||ability ||to ||elicit ||an ||asthmatic ||attack.
a) ||Madeline ||and ||Miguel ||bother ||suffer ||from ||server ||constipation. ||They ||were ||unable ||to ||defecate ||
without ||the ||use ||of ||laxatives. ||Dr. ||Quarti ||and ||Dr. ||Reunaud ||treated ||them ||through ||the ||use ||of ||a ||
device ||the ||doctors ||had ||invented. ||The ||device ||was ||a ||small ||transistorized ||unit ||that ||was ||attached
||by ||a ||belt ||around ||each ||patient's ||waist. ||The ||units ||delivered ||painless ||electric ||currents ||to ||the ||
patients. ||At ||first, ||the ||electric ||current ||had ||no ||effect ||on ||Madeline ||and ||Miguel's ||bowel ||
movements. ||The ||doctors ||began ||inducing ||bowl ||movements ||with ||laxatives ||and ||just ||before ||the ||
patient's ||defecated, ||they ||turned ||on ||the ||device, ||delivering ||an ||electric ||current. ||The ||patients ||
were ||also ||told ||to ||turn ||on ||the ||current ||whenever ||they ||felt ||a ||pending ||bowel ||movement ||and ||to ||
turn ||it ||off ||when ||they ||were ||finished. ||As ||a ||result, ||of ||this ||treatment, ||both ||patients ||were ||able ||to
||induce ||a ||bowl ||movement ||by ||Turing ||on ||the ||device, ||they ||no ||longer ||required ||laxatives.
b) ||Madeline ||and ||Miguel ||bo ||- ||correct ||answerAnalysis: ||Item ||"a" ||is ||an ||example ||of ||Pavlovian ||
conditioning. ||In ||this ||case, ||the ||US ||were ||the ||internal ||stimuli ||that ||normally ||come ||before ||a ||bowel
||movement ||and ||the ||UR ||was ||the ||bowel ||movement. ||The ||CS ||was ||the ||electric ||current ||from ||the ||
device, ||which ||predicted ||the ||US. ||The ||CR ||was ||the ||bowel ||movement ||induced ||by ||the ||electrical ||
stimulation. ||Item ||"b" ||was ||not ||an ||example ||of ||Pavlovian ||conditioning. ||In ||PC, ||there ||must ||be ||a ||
CS ||that ||predicts ||the ||occurrence ||of ||a ||US. ||In ||"b", ||the ||electrical ||stimulation ||was ||not ||used ||as ||a ||
predictor ||of ||the ||US. ||In ||this ||example, ||the ||electrical ||stimulation ||did ||produce ||the ||UR ||but ||not ||
because ||of ||a ||predictive ||relationship. ||When ||a ||stimulus ||produces ||a ||response ||without ||such ||a ||
predictive ||relationship ||with ||the ||US, ||it ||is ||known ||as ||pseudoconditioning. ||Item ||"b" ||is ||an ||example
||of ||this.
Dr. ||Hayduk ||lives ||in ||a ||remote ||part ||of ||Canada ||where ||people ||have ||warm ||hearts ||but ||cold ||hands.
||To ||train ||people ||to ||warm ||their ||hands, ||he ||first ||had ||his ||subjects ||enter ||a ||cold ||room. ||He ||then ||
instructed ||them ||to ||think ||of ||an ||image ||of ||a ||unique ||and ||personally ||meaningful ||scene. ||When ||the
||image ||was ||clear, ||subjects ||pressed ||a ||button ||and ||said ||a ||nonsense ||syllable ||"WEK" ||after ||which ||
warm ||water ||was ||immediately ||injected ||into ||loose ||fitting ||rubber ||gloves ||that ||were ||worn ||by ||the ||
participant. ||Warmth, ||as ||provided ||by ||the ||warm ||water, ||naturally ||elicits ||a ||vasodilation ||response ||
(increase ||in ||blood ||circulation ||that ||produced ||additional ||warmth). ||As ||a ||result ||of ||30 ||trials ||of ||this
||technique, ||all ||six ||subjects ||were ||able ||to ||increase ||their ||hand ||warmth ||by ||0.5 ||Celsius ||merely ||by ||
thinking ||of ||the ||thermal ||image ||and ||saying ||"WEK". ||Initially, ||thinking ||of ||the ||image ||and ||saying
||"WEK" ||had ||no ||effect ||of ||hand ||warming.
with correct answers
In ||order ||to ||compare ||the ||effectiveness ||of ||graduated ||exposure ||to ||the ||symptoms ||of ||PTSD, ||
patients ||were ||assigned ||to ||receive ||exposure ||therapy ||or ||placed ||in ||a ||non-treatment ||group, ||
bother ||for ||12-weeks ||long. ||The ||researchers ||attempted ||to ||ensure ||that ||the ||patients ||in ||the ||two ||
groups ||had ||a ||similar ||severity ||of ||PTSD ||symptoms ||by ||administering ||a ||standardized ||test ||to ||each ||
participant. ||After ||12 ||weeks ||of ||training, ||the ||researchers ||found ||that ||the ||graduated ||exposure ||
group ||involved ||significantly ||more ||than ||the ||non-treatment ||group. ||- ||correct ||answerAnalysis ||- ||The
||independent ||variable ||in ||this ||experiment ||is ||the ||type ||of ||therapy. ||The ||researcher ||manipulated ||
the ||type ||of ||therapy ||since ||exposed ||one ||group ||to ||exposure ||therapy ||but ||did ||not ||use ||this ||on ||
the ||other ||group. ||The ||dependent ||variable ||here ||is ||the ||severity ||of ||PTSD ||symptoms, ||which ||were ||
measured ||to ||see ||what ||effect ||the ||independent ||variable ||(therapy) ||had ||on ||it. ||A ||controlled ||
variable ||here ||was ||the ||patient's ||pretreatment ||symptom ||levels. ||The ||researcher ||giving ||different ||
values ||of ||the ||independent ||variable ||to ||different ||groups, ||make ||the ||experiment ||a ||group ||
(between-subjects) ||design ||(i.e. ||the ||treatment ||group ||was ||given ||therapy ||while ||the ||control ||group ||
was ||not ||(a ||zero ||value ||of ||the ||independent ||variable).
A ||group ||of ||children ||who ||were ||diagnosed ||with ||autism ||with ||attentional ||problems. ||Dr. ||Irvine ||
conducted ||a ||study ||to ||see ||how ||white ||noise ||could ||improve ||attention. ||They ||began ||by ||recording ||
the ||children's ||reaction ||time ||on ||simple ||tasks ||for ||15 ||minutes. ||All ||students ||received ||the ||same ||
reaction ||time ||task ||(with ||no ||white ||noise). ||During ||the ||next ||phase ||(treatment), ||the ||group ||was ||
exposed ||to ||the ||same ||task ||for ||the ||same ||period ||of ||time ||with ||white ||noise ||playing ||on ||the ||room.
||The ||final ||phase ||consisted ||of ||15-minute ||sessions ||that ||was ||identical ||to ||the ||first ||phase ||(no ||
white ||noise). ||Results ||showed ||that ||the ||children's ||reaction ||time ||was ||poor ||during ||the ||baseline ||
phase, ||improved ||during ||the ||treatment ||phase ||but ||became ||poor ||during ||the ||final ||phase. ||The ||
authors ||concluded ||that ||white ||noise ||could ||improve ||reaction ||time. ||- ||correct ||answerAnalysis ||- ||In ||
this ||experiment, ||the ||independent ||variable ||is ||the ||children's ||reaction ||to ||the ||white ||noise. ||Dr. ||
Irvine ||manipulated ||this ||variable ||across ||time ||by ||applying ||it ||during ||three ||different ||phases. ||This ||
experiment ||is ||a ||within-subjects ||design ||because ||the ||same ||subjects ||received ||different ||values ||of ||
the ||independent ||variables ||at ||different ||period ||of ||time ||during ||the ||experiment ||(i.e. ||the ||white ||
noise ||alternated ||with ||the ||absence ||of ||such). ||The ||dependent ||variable ||was ||the ||children's ||reaction
||time. ||This ||would ||be ||described ||as ||an ||ABA ||reversal ||design.
Leslie's ||hockey ||team ||was ||impressed ||with ||new ||carbon ||fiber ||hockey ||sticks ||they ||received. ||Leslie ||
decided ||to ||measure ||how ||effective ||the ||new ||sticks ||were ||for ||the ||team ||so ||she ||kept ||careful ||
statistics ||of ||shooting ||accuracy. ||After ||10 ||games, ||the ||team's ||shooting ||accuracy ||improved ||by ||15%.
||- ||correct ||answerAnalysis ||- ||This ||is ||not ||an ||experiment ||because ||there ||is ||no ||independent ||
,variable. ||To ||have ||a ||true ||independent ||variable, ||Leslie ||needed ||to ||manipulate ||the ||type ||of ||hockey
||stick ||by ||assigning ||the ||new ||stick ||to ||one ||group ||of ||subjects ||while ||the ||other ||group ||used ||their ||
old ||sticks ||and ||then ||monitoring ||the ||shooting ||accuracy ||of ||each ||group.
Dr. ||Farquhar ||was ||interested ||in ||the ||effects ||of ||meditation ||on ||blood ||pressure ||in ||heart ||patients. ||
She ||divided ||a ||group ||of ||patients ||into ||two ||groups. ||One ||group ||was ||taught ||to ||meditate, ||the ||
other ||was ||not. ||Before ||starting ||the ||experiment, ||Dr. ||f ||took ||baseline ||measures ||of ||blood ||pressure,
||making ||sure ||that ||the ||average ||blood ||pressure ||between ||the ||two ||groups ||was ||equal ||and ||she ||
prescribed ||the ||same ||diet ||for ||both ||groups. ||After ||4 ||weeks ||of ||meditation ||training, ||she ||found ||no
||difference ||between ||the ||two ||groups ||in ||blood ||pressure, ||even ||when ||blood ||pressure ||was ||
measured ||just ||after ||meditating. ||- ||correct ||answerAnalysis ||- ||This ||is ||a ||between-subject ||design ||
because ||there ||are ||two ||groups ||being ||used. ||One ||being ||taught ||to ||meditate ||and ||the ||other ||not. ||
The ||independent ||variable ||would ||be ||the ||use ||of ||meditation. ||Dependent ||variable ||is ||the ||blood ||
pressure ||levels. ||Controlled ||variable ||is ||the ||baseline ||blood ||pressure ||levels ||and ||the ||same ||diet
Iain, ||a ||third ||grade ||teacher, ||was ||interested ||in ||the ||effects ||of ||rewards ||on ||the ||accuracy ||with ||
which ||his ||students ||solved ||math ||problems. ||For ||one ||week, ||he ||bestowed ||lavish ||praise ||on ||
students ||who ||received ||80% ||or ||better ||on ||daily ||15-minute ||math ||problem ||drills. ||During ||the ||next
||week, ||he ||discontinued ||this ||reward ||system ||but ||continued ||to ||measure ||students ||test ||
performances. ||Finally, ||for ||the ||third ||week, ||Iain ||reinstituted ||the ||praise ||reward. ||Throughout ||the ||
experiment, ||Iain ||made ||sure ||that ||the ||problems ||were ||of ||equal ||difficulty. ||When ||he ||analyzed ||the ||
data, ||Iain ||found ||that ||during ||the ||first ||week, ||average ||problem ||solving ||accuracy ||reached ||86%. ||
During ||the ||second ||week, ||it ||declined ||to ||65% ||but ||rose ||again ||to ||84% ||during ||the ||third ||week. ||- ||
correct ||answerAnalysis ||- ||This ||is ||a ||within-subject ||design ||because ||the ||same ||group ||was ||used ||
through ||the ||entire ||experiment. ||It ||is ||ABA ||design ||as ||well ||because ||the ||first ||week ||started ||with ||
praise, ||then ||discontinued ||in ||the ||second ||week ||and ||was ||brought ||back ||in ||the ||third ||week, ||
although ||there ||was ||never ||a ||baseline ||period ||measured. ||The ||independent ||variable ||was ||the ||
praise ||Iain ||gave, ||as ||it ||was ||the ||variable ||that ||changed ||through ||the ||different ||phases. ||The ||
dependent ||variable ||is ||the ||student's ||scores ||because ||they ||were ||no ||manipulated ||but ||changed ||
with ||the ||introduction ||of ||the ||IV. ||The ||controlled ||variable ||was ||the ||test ||difficulty ||being ||the ||same
||throughout.
a) ||Liz ||has ||bronchial ||asthma ||and ||chose ||to ||participate ||in ||a ||medical ||experiment. ||During ||the ||
experiment, ||she ||was ||seated ||at ||an ||apparatus ||that ||consisted ||of ||a ||box ||from ||which ||several ||
rubber ||tubes ||came ||out, ||all ||of ||which ||were ||attached ||to ||a ||mouthpiece ||from ||which ||Liz ||was ||
administered ||various ||substances. ||Because ||several ||tubes ||were ||used, ||different ||substances ||could ||
be ||given ||to ||Liz ||without ||her ||knowing ||which ||substances ||were ||which. ||Initial ||testing ||showed ||that ||
when ||an ||extract ||of ||pollen ||and ||grass ||was ||administered, ||Liz ||had ||an ||asthmatic ||attack. ||In ||
contrast ||when ||a ||neutral ||solvent ||was ||administered, ||it ||had ||no ||effect. ||However, ||after ||several ||
days ||of ||testing ||Liz ||began ||to ||have ||asthmatic ||attacks ||induced ||by ||the ||neutral ||solvent ||alone. ||
Eventually, ||Liz ||began ||having ||asthmatic ||attacks ||triggered ||by ||being ||fitted ||with ||the ||mouthpiece.
, b) ||Liz ||has ||bronchial ||asthma ||and ||chose ||to ||participate ||in ||a ||medical ||experiment. ||During ||the ||
experiment, ||she ||was ||seated ||at ||an ||a ||- ||correct ||answerItem ||"a" ||is ||an ||example ||of ||Pavlovian ||
conditioning. ||The ||US ||for ||asthmas ||were ||pollen ||and ||grass ||extracts ||and ||the ||UR ||was ||the ||
asthmatic ||attack. ||The ||neutral ||solvent ||and ||exposure ||to ||the ||mouthpiece ||were ||initially ||NS. ||They ||
predicted ||the ||US ||during ||the ||study ||and ||this ||predication ||established ||the ||neutral ||solvent ||and ||
mouthpiece ||as ||CS's ||for ||the ||CR ||of ||a ||conditioned ||asthmas ||attack ||(CR). ||Item ||"b" ||is ||not ||an ||
example ||of ||Pavlovian ||conditioning. ||The ||pollen ||can ||be ||considered ||a ||US ||for ||the ||UR ||of ||asthmatic
||attack. ||However, ||there ||is ||no ||mention ||of ||a ||neutral ||stimulus ||that ||predicted ||the ||US ||and ||
thereby ||acquired ||the ||ability ||to ||elicit ||an ||asthmatic ||attack.
a) ||Madeline ||and ||Miguel ||bother ||suffer ||from ||server ||constipation. ||They ||were ||unable ||to ||defecate ||
without ||the ||use ||of ||laxatives. ||Dr. ||Quarti ||and ||Dr. ||Reunaud ||treated ||them ||through ||the ||use ||of ||a ||
device ||the ||doctors ||had ||invented. ||The ||device ||was ||a ||small ||transistorized ||unit ||that ||was ||attached
||by ||a ||belt ||around ||each ||patient's ||waist. ||The ||units ||delivered ||painless ||electric ||currents ||to ||the ||
patients. ||At ||first, ||the ||electric ||current ||had ||no ||effect ||on ||Madeline ||and ||Miguel's ||bowel ||
movements. ||The ||doctors ||began ||inducing ||bowl ||movements ||with ||laxatives ||and ||just ||before ||the ||
patient's ||defecated, ||they ||turned ||on ||the ||device, ||delivering ||an ||electric ||current. ||The ||patients ||
were ||also ||told ||to ||turn ||on ||the ||current ||whenever ||they ||felt ||a ||pending ||bowel ||movement ||and ||to ||
turn ||it ||off ||when ||they ||were ||finished. ||As ||a ||result, ||of ||this ||treatment, ||both ||patients ||were ||able ||to
||induce ||a ||bowl ||movement ||by ||Turing ||on ||the ||device, ||they ||no ||longer ||required ||laxatives.
b) ||Madeline ||and ||Miguel ||bo ||- ||correct ||answerAnalysis: ||Item ||"a" ||is ||an ||example ||of ||Pavlovian ||
conditioning. ||In ||this ||case, ||the ||US ||were ||the ||internal ||stimuli ||that ||normally ||come ||before ||a ||bowel
||movement ||and ||the ||UR ||was ||the ||bowel ||movement. ||The ||CS ||was ||the ||electric ||current ||from ||the ||
device, ||which ||predicted ||the ||US. ||The ||CR ||was ||the ||bowel ||movement ||induced ||by ||the ||electrical ||
stimulation. ||Item ||"b" ||was ||not ||an ||example ||of ||Pavlovian ||conditioning. ||In ||PC, ||there ||must ||be ||a ||
CS ||that ||predicts ||the ||occurrence ||of ||a ||US. ||In ||"b", ||the ||electrical ||stimulation ||was ||not ||used ||as ||a ||
predictor ||of ||the ||US. ||In ||this ||example, ||the ||electrical ||stimulation ||did ||produce ||the ||UR ||but ||not ||
because ||of ||a ||predictive ||relationship. ||When ||a ||stimulus ||produces ||a ||response ||without ||such ||a ||
predictive ||relationship ||with ||the ||US, ||it ||is ||known ||as ||pseudoconditioning. ||Item ||"b" ||is ||an ||example
||of ||this.
Dr. ||Hayduk ||lives ||in ||a ||remote ||part ||of ||Canada ||where ||people ||have ||warm ||hearts ||but ||cold ||hands.
||To ||train ||people ||to ||warm ||their ||hands, ||he ||first ||had ||his ||subjects ||enter ||a ||cold ||room. ||He ||then ||
instructed ||them ||to ||think ||of ||an ||image ||of ||a ||unique ||and ||personally ||meaningful ||scene. ||When ||the
||image ||was ||clear, ||subjects ||pressed ||a ||button ||and ||said ||a ||nonsense ||syllable ||"WEK" ||after ||which ||
warm ||water ||was ||immediately ||injected ||into ||loose ||fitting ||rubber ||gloves ||that ||were ||worn ||by ||the ||
participant. ||Warmth, ||as ||provided ||by ||the ||warm ||water, ||naturally ||elicits ||a ||vasodilation ||response ||
(increase ||in ||blood ||circulation ||that ||produced ||additional ||warmth). ||As ||a ||result ||of ||30 ||trials ||of ||this
||technique, ||all ||six ||subjects ||were ||able ||to ||increase ||their ||hand ||warmth ||by ||0.5 ||Celsius ||merely ||by ||
thinking ||of ||the ||thermal ||image ||and ||saying ||"WEK". ||Initially, ||thinking ||of ||the ||image ||and ||saying
||"WEK" ||had ||no ||effect ||of ||hand ||warming.
