psych 387 unit 3 exam with correct answers
thorndikes ||puzzle ||box (Thorndike ||wanted ||to ||study ||animal ||intelligence)
placed ||hungry ||cats ||in ||a ||puzzle ||box ||and ||put ||food ||in ||plain ||view ||but ||out ||of ||reach ||
the ||box ||had ||a ||door ||that ||could ||be ||opened ||bu ||pulling ||a ||lever ||or ||stepping ||on ||a ||treadle ||
thorndike ||concluded ||that ||behavior ||typically ||has ||two ||kinds ||of ||effects ||- ||"satisfying ||state ||of ||
affairs" ||and ||"annoying ||state ||of ||affairs"
Thorndikes ||law ||of ||effect the ||relationship ||between ||behavior ||and ||its ||consequences ||
responses ||accomanied ||by ||satisfaction ||(satisfying ||state ||of ||affairs) ||will ||be ||more ||firmly ||connected ||
with ||the ||situation ||- ||opposite ||for ||discomforting ||or ||"annoying ||situations"
Thorndike's ||law ||of ||effect ||(4 ||key ||elements) the ||environment, ||behavior ||that ||occurs, ||the ||change
||in ||the ||environment ||following ||the ||behavior ||and ||the ||change ||in ||behavior ||produced ||by ||the ||
consequence
Thorndike ||was ||the ||first ||to show ||that ||behavior ||is ||systematically ||strengthened ||or ||weakened ||
by ||its ||consequences
Lee ||Metzgar's ||experiment released ||white ||footed ||mice ||in ||a ||labratory ||environment ||that ||
resembled ||natural ||habitat, ||after ||several ||days ||he ||released ||more ||mice ||in ||the ||habitat ||and ||then ||
released ||an ||owl ||- ||the ||owl ||caught ||more ||newcomers ||(5-1)
he ||showed ||that ||the ||capacity ||to ||benefit ||from ||the ||consequences ||of ||our ||own ||actions ||contributes
||to ||survival
Skinner ||box (dubbed ||by ||Clark ||Hull)
an ||experimental ||chamber ||designed ||so ||that ||an ||electrically ||operated ||food ||magazine ||dropped ||a ||
few ||food ||pellets
||After ||a ||rat ||become ||accustomed ||to ||the ||noise ||from ||the ||food ||magazine ||and ||readily ||ate ||from ||
the ||tray, ||skinner ||installed ||a ||lever; ||food ||fell ||into ||the ||tray ||only ||when ||the ||rate ||pressed ||the ||level
||- ||under ||these ||conditions, ||the ||rate ||of ||lever ||pressing ||increased ||dramatically
Operant ||leanring Skinner ||called ||experiences ||whereby ||behavior ||is ||strengthened ||or ||
weakened ||by ||is ||conseuwneces ||operant ||learning ||
the ||behavior ||is ||typically ||instrumental ||in ||producing ||the ||events ||that ||follow ||it ||so ||its ||also ||called ||
instrumental ||learning
, Reinforcement an ||increase ||in ||strength, ||in ||learning ||it ||means ||an ||increase ||in ||strength ||of ||
beheavior ||due ||to ||its ||consequences
3 ||characteristics ||to ||qualify ||as ||reinforcement ||(Charles ||Catania) 1. ||behavior ||must ||have ||
consequence ||
2. ||behavior ||must ||increase ||in ||strength ||
3 ||increase ||in ||strength ||must ||be ||a ||result ||of ||the ||consequence
positive ||reinforcement the ||consequence ||of ||a ||behavior ||is ||the ||increase ||of ||appearance ||intensity ||of
||a ||stimulus ||(positive ||reinforcer) ||something ||the ||indiv ||usually ||seeks ||out ||
also ||called ||reward ||learning ||(skinner ||objects ||this)
negative ||reinforcement behavior ||is ||strengthened ||by ||the ||removal ||or ||decrease ||in ||the ||
intensity ||of ||a ||stimulus ||(negative ||reinforcer) ||usually ||something ||the ||indiv ||avoids ||
also ||called ||escape ||learning ||or ||avoidance ||learning
positive ||and ||negative ||reinforcement both ||increase ||strength ||of ||behavior
one ||problem ||with ||the ||distinction ||is ||that ||what ||is ||positively ||reinforcing ||at ||one ||time ||can ||be ||
negatively ||reinforcing ||at ||another ||(hundt ||and ||premack ||exp)
behavioral ||momentum ||(Nevin) reinforcement ||does ||more ||than ||just ||increase ||rate ||
behavior ||that ||has ||been ||reinforced ||many ||times ||in ||more ||likely ||to ||persist ||when ||obstructed ||in ||
some ||way
Alan ||Hundt ||and ||David ||Premack ||(1963) They ||put ||rats ||in ||a ||chamber ||with ||a ||motorized ||
exercise ||wheel ||that ||could ||be ||turned ||on ||by ||pressing ||a ||lever ||and ||turned ||off ||by ||licking ||water ||
from ||a ||dispenser. ||Once ||a ||rat ||turned ||the ||wheel ||on, ||it ||continued ||to ||spin ||(which ||meant ||the ||rat
||had ||to ||run) ||until ||the ||rat ||licked ||water ||(which ||it ||had ||to ||do ||while ||running). ||The ||rats ||pressed ||
the ||lever ||and ||ran ||for ||a ||while, ||then ||licked ||water ||and ||stopped ||exercising. ||Thus, ||spinning ||of ||the
||wheel ||positively ||reinforced ||lever ||pressing, ||and ||stopping ||of ||the ||wheel ||negatively ||reinforced ||
licking.
Page ||and ||Neuringer any ||feature ||of ||behavior ||(frew, ||intensity, ||duration ||etc) ||can ||be ||
strengthend ||if ||a ||reinforcer ||is ||amde ||contingent ||on ||that ||particular ||feature ||- ||even ||randomness
Page ||and ||Neuringer ||experiment o ||Provided ||reinforcers ||to ||pigeons ||for ||a ||series ||of ||8 ||disc ||
pecks, ||but ||only ||when ||the ||series ||of ||pecks ||was ||different ||from ||the ||previous ||50 ||sequences, ||under
||these ||circumstances, ||the ||pecking ||pattern ||became ||truly ||random
thorndikes ||puzzle ||box (Thorndike ||wanted ||to ||study ||animal ||intelligence)
placed ||hungry ||cats ||in ||a ||puzzle ||box ||and ||put ||food ||in ||plain ||view ||but ||out ||of ||reach ||
the ||box ||had ||a ||door ||that ||could ||be ||opened ||bu ||pulling ||a ||lever ||or ||stepping ||on ||a ||treadle ||
thorndike ||concluded ||that ||behavior ||typically ||has ||two ||kinds ||of ||effects ||- ||"satisfying ||state ||of ||
affairs" ||and ||"annoying ||state ||of ||affairs"
Thorndikes ||law ||of ||effect the ||relationship ||between ||behavior ||and ||its ||consequences ||
responses ||accomanied ||by ||satisfaction ||(satisfying ||state ||of ||affairs) ||will ||be ||more ||firmly ||connected ||
with ||the ||situation ||- ||opposite ||for ||discomforting ||or ||"annoying ||situations"
Thorndike's ||law ||of ||effect ||(4 ||key ||elements) the ||environment, ||behavior ||that ||occurs, ||the ||change
||in ||the ||environment ||following ||the ||behavior ||and ||the ||change ||in ||behavior ||produced ||by ||the ||
consequence
Thorndike ||was ||the ||first ||to show ||that ||behavior ||is ||systematically ||strengthened ||or ||weakened ||
by ||its ||consequences
Lee ||Metzgar's ||experiment released ||white ||footed ||mice ||in ||a ||labratory ||environment ||that ||
resembled ||natural ||habitat, ||after ||several ||days ||he ||released ||more ||mice ||in ||the ||habitat ||and ||then ||
released ||an ||owl ||- ||the ||owl ||caught ||more ||newcomers ||(5-1)
he ||showed ||that ||the ||capacity ||to ||benefit ||from ||the ||consequences ||of ||our ||own ||actions ||contributes
||to ||survival
Skinner ||box (dubbed ||by ||Clark ||Hull)
an ||experimental ||chamber ||designed ||so ||that ||an ||electrically ||operated ||food ||magazine ||dropped ||a ||
few ||food ||pellets
||After ||a ||rat ||become ||accustomed ||to ||the ||noise ||from ||the ||food ||magazine ||and ||readily ||ate ||from ||
the ||tray, ||skinner ||installed ||a ||lever; ||food ||fell ||into ||the ||tray ||only ||when ||the ||rate ||pressed ||the ||level
||- ||under ||these ||conditions, ||the ||rate ||of ||lever ||pressing ||increased ||dramatically
Operant ||leanring Skinner ||called ||experiences ||whereby ||behavior ||is ||strengthened ||or ||
weakened ||by ||is ||conseuwneces ||operant ||learning ||
the ||behavior ||is ||typically ||instrumental ||in ||producing ||the ||events ||that ||follow ||it ||so ||its ||also ||called ||
instrumental ||learning
, Reinforcement an ||increase ||in ||strength, ||in ||learning ||it ||means ||an ||increase ||in ||strength ||of ||
beheavior ||due ||to ||its ||consequences
3 ||characteristics ||to ||qualify ||as ||reinforcement ||(Charles ||Catania) 1. ||behavior ||must ||have ||
consequence ||
2. ||behavior ||must ||increase ||in ||strength ||
3 ||increase ||in ||strength ||must ||be ||a ||result ||of ||the ||consequence
positive ||reinforcement the ||consequence ||of ||a ||behavior ||is ||the ||increase ||of ||appearance ||intensity ||of
||a ||stimulus ||(positive ||reinforcer) ||something ||the ||indiv ||usually ||seeks ||out ||
also ||called ||reward ||learning ||(skinner ||objects ||this)
negative ||reinforcement behavior ||is ||strengthened ||by ||the ||removal ||or ||decrease ||in ||the ||
intensity ||of ||a ||stimulus ||(negative ||reinforcer) ||usually ||something ||the ||indiv ||avoids ||
also ||called ||escape ||learning ||or ||avoidance ||learning
positive ||and ||negative ||reinforcement both ||increase ||strength ||of ||behavior
one ||problem ||with ||the ||distinction ||is ||that ||what ||is ||positively ||reinforcing ||at ||one ||time ||can ||be ||
negatively ||reinforcing ||at ||another ||(hundt ||and ||premack ||exp)
behavioral ||momentum ||(Nevin) reinforcement ||does ||more ||than ||just ||increase ||rate ||
behavior ||that ||has ||been ||reinforced ||many ||times ||in ||more ||likely ||to ||persist ||when ||obstructed ||in ||
some ||way
Alan ||Hundt ||and ||David ||Premack ||(1963) They ||put ||rats ||in ||a ||chamber ||with ||a ||motorized ||
exercise ||wheel ||that ||could ||be ||turned ||on ||by ||pressing ||a ||lever ||and ||turned ||off ||by ||licking ||water ||
from ||a ||dispenser. ||Once ||a ||rat ||turned ||the ||wheel ||on, ||it ||continued ||to ||spin ||(which ||meant ||the ||rat
||had ||to ||run) ||until ||the ||rat ||licked ||water ||(which ||it ||had ||to ||do ||while ||running). ||The ||rats ||pressed ||
the ||lever ||and ||ran ||for ||a ||while, ||then ||licked ||water ||and ||stopped ||exercising. ||Thus, ||spinning ||of ||the
||wheel ||positively ||reinforced ||lever ||pressing, ||and ||stopping ||of ||the ||wheel ||negatively ||reinforced ||
licking.
Page ||and ||Neuringer any ||feature ||of ||behavior ||(frew, ||intensity, ||duration ||etc) ||can ||be ||
strengthend ||if ||a ||reinforcer ||is ||amde ||contingent ||on ||that ||particular ||feature ||- ||even ||randomness
Page ||and ||Neuringer ||experiment o ||Provided ||reinforcers ||to ||pigeons ||for ||a ||series ||of ||8 ||disc ||
pecks, ||but ||only ||when ||the ||series ||of ||pecks ||was ||different ||from ||the ||previous ||50 ||sequences, ||under
||these ||circumstances, ||the ||pecking ||pattern ||became ||truly ||random
