FNP ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FNP ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (UPDATED
2025 VERSION)
True or False: Children metabolize drugs faster than adults. -Correct Answer ✔True
which are easier to excrete: water soluble drugs or lipid soluble drugs? -Correct Answer
✔Water soluble
What are the cytochrome p450 inducers? (CRAPGPS) -Correct Answer
✔Carbamazapine
Rifampin
Alcohol
Phenytoin
Griseofulvin
Phenobarbital
Sulfonylureas
and St. Johns Wort
what do CYP450 inducers do? -Correct Answer ✔increase metabolism of drug, reduces
drug level
What are some examples of schedule 1 drugs? -Correct Answer ✔heroin, LSD,
marijuana
What are some examples of schedule 2 drugs? -Correct Answer ✔amphetamines,
some opioids (morphine, meperidine, codeine) dronabinol, short-acting barbiturates
what are some examples of schedule 3 drugs? -Correct Answer ✔-Tylenol
(acetaminophen) with codeine
-Hydrocodone with acteaminophen (Vicodin, Loset, Lortab, Norco)
-Various other codeine preparations (less than or equal to 1.8%)
-Buprenorphine (Buprenex, Subutex, Suboxone)
What are some examples of schedule 4 drugs? -Correct Answer ✔Benzodiazepine
anxiolytics, muscle relaxers, and sedatives, pentazocine, ambien, klonipine
What are some examples of schedule 5 drugs? -Correct Answer ✔antidiarrheal,
codeine used as antitussives, loperamide, lyrica, robitussin
1|Page
,FNP ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
what is the first pass effect? -Correct Answer ✔drugs absorbed from the GI tract enter
the portal vein and pass through the liver before entering circulation.
decreases bioavailability
Where is drug absorption? -Correct Answer ✔GI tract or blood vessels
Where is drug distribution? -Correct Answer ✔blood vessels
Where is drug metabolism? -Correct Answer ✔liver and kidneys
Where is drug excretion? -Correct Answer ✔Kidneys and GI tract
What are free drugs? -Correct Answer ✔drugs that are not bound to protein- exerts
pharmacologic effect
What does protein binding do to drug metabolism? -Correct Answer ✔less
pharmacologic effect in body
What patients are at risk for reduced protein binding (increasing drug concentration)? -
Correct Answer ✔malnourished
pregnant
burn patients
neonates
What is drug half-life? -Correct Answer ✔the time required for the amount of drug in the
body to decrease by 50%
What are the four factors of drug metabolism? -Correct Answer ✔Absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion
What characteristics do drugs need to have to be more readily excreted? -Correct
Answer ✔ionization/charged
smaller molecular wt.
water soluble
What is affinity? -Correct Answer ✔propensity for a drug to be found at a receptor
What is efficacy? -Correct Answer ✔the drug produces desired effect
What is potency? -Correct Answer ✔relative amount or proportion (comparison)
2|Page
, FNP ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
What is a neonates stomach pH at birth? -Correct Answer ✔6-8 (basic); better absorbs
weak bases such as ampicillin, drops after few hours
What is the route for drug metabolism? -Correct Answer ✔PO drug-- absorbed in GI
tract--- portal vein-- liver--- systemic circulation
What are some drugs that are subject to first pass metabolism? -Correct Answer
✔meperidine, morphine, nitroglycerine, prazosin, propranolol
What are the effects of CYP450 enzymes? -Correct Answer ✔catalyze the chemical
reactions in which we metabolize drugs, which reduces concentration/therapeutic
effects.
Hepatic enzyme inducers
What are the CYP450 inhibitors? -Correct Answer ✔Valproate
Keoconazole
Isoniazid
Sulfonamides
Amiodarone
Erythromycin & Clarithromycin
Quindine
Grapefruit juice
What foods can react with warfarin? -Correct Answer ✔foods containing vitamin K
What foods can react with MAO inhibitors? -Correct Answer ✔foods containing tyramine
What herbs can react with MAO inhibitors? -Correct Answer ✔bitter orange
What herbs can potentiate effects of CNS depressants? -Correct Answer ✔Kava,
Lavander, and Valerian
What herb can effect dopamine? -Correct Answer ✔Kava
What is the antidote for tylenol? -Correct Answer ✔Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)
what is the antidote for digoxin? -Correct Answer ✔Digoxin immune Fab (Digibind)
What is the antidote for beta blockers? -Correct Answer ✔glucagon (increases
myocardial contractility)
What is the antidote for phenothiazines? -Correct Answer ✔Benadryl
What is the antidote for coumadin? -Correct Answer ✔Vitamin K
3|Page
FNP ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (UPDATED
2025 VERSION)
True or False: Children metabolize drugs faster than adults. -Correct Answer ✔True
which are easier to excrete: water soluble drugs or lipid soluble drugs? -Correct Answer
✔Water soluble
What are the cytochrome p450 inducers? (CRAPGPS) -Correct Answer
✔Carbamazapine
Rifampin
Alcohol
Phenytoin
Griseofulvin
Phenobarbital
Sulfonylureas
and St. Johns Wort
what do CYP450 inducers do? -Correct Answer ✔increase metabolism of drug, reduces
drug level
What are some examples of schedule 1 drugs? -Correct Answer ✔heroin, LSD,
marijuana
What are some examples of schedule 2 drugs? -Correct Answer ✔amphetamines,
some opioids (morphine, meperidine, codeine) dronabinol, short-acting barbiturates
what are some examples of schedule 3 drugs? -Correct Answer ✔-Tylenol
(acetaminophen) with codeine
-Hydrocodone with acteaminophen (Vicodin, Loset, Lortab, Norco)
-Various other codeine preparations (less than or equal to 1.8%)
-Buprenorphine (Buprenex, Subutex, Suboxone)
What are some examples of schedule 4 drugs? -Correct Answer ✔Benzodiazepine
anxiolytics, muscle relaxers, and sedatives, pentazocine, ambien, klonipine
What are some examples of schedule 5 drugs? -Correct Answer ✔antidiarrheal,
codeine used as antitussives, loperamide, lyrica, robitussin
1|Page
,FNP ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
what is the first pass effect? -Correct Answer ✔drugs absorbed from the GI tract enter
the portal vein and pass through the liver before entering circulation.
decreases bioavailability
Where is drug absorption? -Correct Answer ✔GI tract or blood vessels
Where is drug distribution? -Correct Answer ✔blood vessels
Where is drug metabolism? -Correct Answer ✔liver and kidneys
Where is drug excretion? -Correct Answer ✔Kidneys and GI tract
What are free drugs? -Correct Answer ✔drugs that are not bound to protein- exerts
pharmacologic effect
What does protein binding do to drug metabolism? -Correct Answer ✔less
pharmacologic effect in body
What patients are at risk for reduced protein binding (increasing drug concentration)? -
Correct Answer ✔malnourished
pregnant
burn patients
neonates
What is drug half-life? -Correct Answer ✔the time required for the amount of drug in the
body to decrease by 50%
What are the four factors of drug metabolism? -Correct Answer ✔Absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion
What characteristics do drugs need to have to be more readily excreted? -Correct
Answer ✔ionization/charged
smaller molecular wt.
water soluble
What is affinity? -Correct Answer ✔propensity for a drug to be found at a receptor
What is efficacy? -Correct Answer ✔the drug produces desired effect
What is potency? -Correct Answer ✔relative amount or proportion (comparison)
2|Page
, FNP ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
What is a neonates stomach pH at birth? -Correct Answer ✔6-8 (basic); better absorbs
weak bases such as ampicillin, drops after few hours
What is the route for drug metabolism? -Correct Answer ✔PO drug-- absorbed in GI
tract--- portal vein-- liver--- systemic circulation
What are some drugs that are subject to first pass metabolism? -Correct Answer
✔meperidine, morphine, nitroglycerine, prazosin, propranolol
What are the effects of CYP450 enzymes? -Correct Answer ✔catalyze the chemical
reactions in which we metabolize drugs, which reduces concentration/therapeutic
effects.
Hepatic enzyme inducers
What are the CYP450 inhibitors? -Correct Answer ✔Valproate
Keoconazole
Isoniazid
Sulfonamides
Amiodarone
Erythromycin & Clarithromycin
Quindine
Grapefruit juice
What foods can react with warfarin? -Correct Answer ✔foods containing vitamin K
What foods can react with MAO inhibitors? -Correct Answer ✔foods containing tyramine
What herbs can react with MAO inhibitors? -Correct Answer ✔bitter orange
What herbs can potentiate effects of CNS depressants? -Correct Answer ✔Kava,
Lavander, and Valerian
What herb can effect dopamine? -Correct Answer ✔Kava
What is the antidote for tylenol? -Correct Answer ✔Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)
what is the antidote for digoxin? -Correct Answer ✔Digoxin immune Fab (Digibind)
What is the antidote for beta blockers? -Correct Answer ✔glucagon (increases
myocardial contractility)
What is the antidote for phenothiazines? -Correct Answer ✔Benadryl
What is the antidote for coumadin? -Correct Answer ✔Vitamin K
3|Page
