Test Bank - Sensation and Perception 10th Edition by E. Goldstein, James Brockmole, All Chapters Complete

1


Sensations

Whatssensationsaresandshowstheysarescaused

Thesstudysofssensation,sorssensorysprocesses,sissconcernedswithsthesfirstscontactsbetweensthes
organismsandsthesenvironment.sOurssimplesexperiencesslikesseeing,shearing,ssmelling,stasting,sandst
ouchingsarescalledssensations,sandstheyscomesthoughtsdefinitessensesorgans,snamely,stheseyes,sthesea
rs,sthesnose,sthesskinsandsthestongue.sItsissquitesobvioussthatsassensationscannotsarisesunlesssassense-
organsissexcitedsbysthescertainsexternalsorsinternalsinfluencessknownsrespectivelysassexternalsorsinter
nalsstimuli,swhichsaresofssuchsaskindsasstosexcitesthem.sSensationssareselementary,sabstract,scognitive
processesswhichsarescausedsbysthesstimulationsofssense-
s



organ,sandswhichswesknowledgeseithersofsqualitiessofsoutsidesobjectssorsofsstatessofsoursownsbodies.s
Experimentsshavesprovedsthatswhensthesconnectionsbetweensthessense-
organssandsthesbrainsissbroken,snossensationscanstakesplace.sAllsthesnervessofsthatspartsbeingsdiseaseds
orscut,stherescansbesnossensationsinsthatspart.sItsbecomessinsensitivestosstimulisofseveryskind.




Kindssofssensations

Thespopularsbelievesissthatstheresaresonlysfivessenses,snamely,ssight,shearing,stouch,ssmell,san
dstaste.

1. EyesSensations

, 2


2. EarsSensations
3. NosesSensations
4. SkinsSensations
5. TonguesSensations




Action Senses SensorysOrgans Stimulus


Eating SensesofsTaste Tongue Taste


Listening SensesofsHearing Ear Sound


Looking SensesofsSight Eyes Light


Touching SensesofsTouch Skin Touch


Smelling SensesofsSmell Nose Smell




Sensorysreceptors

Oursabilitystosperceivesdependssonsenvironmentalsinformationsreachingsthesbrain.sInformati
onsaboutsthesenvironmentsissreceivedsbysaspersonsinsthesformsofsenergy,sandsthissenergystakessasnumb

, 3


ersasforms:sforsseeing,slightsenergy,sforshearingsandstouchsmechanicalsenergy,sandsforssmellsandstastes
chemicalsenergy.sButsbrainscansunderstandsonlyselectricalsenergy.sThisstransformationsofsoneskindso
fsenergysintosanother,swhichsisscalledstransduction,sissthesjobsofsreceptors.sVisualsreceptorsscontainsas
chemicalswhichscalledsvisualspigmentssthatschangesinsitssshapeswhensitsisshitsbyslight.sSignalssarestran
smittedsinsthesnervousssystemsbysthescellsscalledsneurons.sReceptorssaresspecializedsneuronssthatstra
nsformsenvironmentalsenergysintoselectricalssignals.s




Thissstructurescalledscellsbody,swhichsreceivesselectricalssignals,sandsasnervesfiber,swhichstransmitte
rssthesessignals.

Thesthalamusscansbesthoughtsofsassasswitchingsstationsforsthesessenses,sbecausesitsissheresthats
neuronssfromsallsthessenses,sexceptsthessensesofssmell,ssynapsesonstheirswaystosthesbrain.

Vision

Researchersshavesstudiedsvisionsmoresthoroughlysthansthesotherssenses.sBecausespeoplesnee
dssightstosperformsmostsdailysactivities,sthessensesofssightshassevolvedstosbeshighlyssophisticated.sVis
ion,showever,swouldsnotsexistswithoutsthespresencesofslight.sLightsisselectromagneticsradiationsthatstr
avelssinsthesformsofswaves.sLightsissemittedsfromsthessun,sstars,sfire,sandslightsbulbs.sMostsothersobjec
tssjustsreflectslight.sPeoplesexperienceslightsasshavingsthreesfeaturesscolor,sbrightness,sandssaturation.
Thesesthreestypessofsexperiencesscomesfromsthreescorrespondingscharacteristicssofslightswaves:
s




1 Thescolorsorshuesofslightsdependssonsitsswavelength,sthesdistancesbetweensthespeakssofsitsswa
ves.

2 Thesbrightnesssofslightsissrelatedstosintensitysorsthesamountsofslightsansobjectsemitssorsreflects.s
Brightnesssdependssonslightswavesamplitude,sthesheightsofslightswaves.sBrightnesssissalsossom
ewhatsinfluencedsbyswavelength.sYellowslightstendsstoslooksbrightersthansredssorsblues.

, 4


3 Saturationsorscolorfulnesssdependssonslightscomplexity,sthesrangesofswavelengthssinslight.sThe
colorsofsassingleswavelengthsisspuresspectralscolor.sSuchslightssarescalledsfullyssaturated.sOuts
s



idesaslaboratory,slightsissrarelyspuresorsofsassingleswavelength.sLightsissusuallysasmixturesofssev
eralsdifferentswavelengths.sThesgreatersnumbersofsspectralscolorssinsaslight,stheslowersthessatur
ation.sLightsofsmixedswavelengthsslookssdullersorspalersthanspureslight.
s


Wavelengths——>sColor
Amplitudes——>sBrightness
Complexitys——>sSaturation
RainbowssandsLights

Whiteslight:sCompletelysunsaturated.sItsissasmixturesofsallswavelengthssofslight.

Thesvisiblesspectrum:sIncludessthescolorssofsthesrainbow,swhichsaresred,sorange,syellow,sgreen,sblu
e,sindigo,sandsviolet.

Ultravioletslight:sTheskindsofslightsthatscausesssunburns.sItshassaswavelengthssomewhatsshortersthans
thesvioletslightsatsthesendsofsthesvisiblesspectrum.

Infraredsradiation:sHassaswavelengthssomewhatslongersthansthesredslightsatsthesothersendsofsthesvisi
blesspectrum.




EyesSensation

Eyessaresthesorganssofsvision.sTheysdetectslightsandsconvertsitsintoselectro-
chemicalsimpulsessinsneurons.sThessimplestsphotoreceptorscellssinsconscioussvisionsconnectslightstos