Solution Manual For Introduction To Criminal Justice 10e Robert M. Bohm, Keith N. Haley Chapter 1-14

SOLUTION MANUAL FOR
Introduction to Criminal Justice 10e Robert M. Bohm, Keith N. Haley
Chapter 1-14




Chapter 1 T


Crime and Justice in the United States
T T T T T T




Overview

TheTchapterTbeginsTbyTdiscussingTcrimeTinTtheTUnitedTStates.TItTbrieflyTdescribesTsevera
lTfamousTcriminalTcasesTinTrecentThistory.TCriminalTjusticeTisTexaminedTasTaTsystem.TTh
atTsystemTincludesTtheTpolice,TtheTcourts,TandTcorrections.TTheTpoliceTdealTwithTcrime,Tc
rimeTcontrol,Tarrests,TandTbookings.TTheTprosecutionTdealsTwithTchargingTtheTdefendants
.TTheTprosecutionTalsoTdeterminesTifTtheTsuspectThasTcommittedTaTmisdemeanor,TanTordi
nanceTviolation,TorTaTfelony.TItTmayTfileTanTinformationTorTanTindictment.TAnTarrestTwar
rantTmayTbeTissuedTbyTtheTcourtTsoTthatTtheTpoliceTmayTarrestTaTsuspect.

ThereTareTaTvarietyTofTstagesTinTaTcourtTthatTdefendantsTmayTexperience.TTheyTmayThav
eTanTinitialTappearance,TanTarraignment,TandTaTbailTset;TaTpreliminaryThearingTmayToccu
Bohm,TIntroductionTtoTCriminalTJustice,
T10e
CopyrightT©2021TMcGraw-
HillTEducation.TAllTrightsTreserved.TNoTreproductionTorTdistributionTwithoutTtheTpriorTwrittenTconsentTofTMcGraw-HillTEducation.

,r.
DefendantsTmayThaveTaTbenchTtrialTorTaTjuryTtrial.TTheyTmayTparticipateTinTpleaTbargaini
ngTorTsimplyTpleadTguiltyTandTreceiveTtheirTsentence.

ConvictedTdefendantsTthenTbecomeTpartTofTtheTcorrectionalTsystem,TwhereTtheyTmayTrec
eiveTprobation,TintermediateTpunishments,TorTincarceration.TAfterTservingTaTportionTofTt
heirTsentence,TtheyTmayTbeTparoled.TNext,TtheTchapterTdiscussesThowTtheTcriminalTjusti
ceTsystemTisTsometimesTviewedTasTaTnonsystemTbecauseTofTtheTdifferencesTamongTdiffe
rentTjurisdictionsTofTindependentTagenciesTwithinTtheTUnitedTStatesTandTtheTconflictTand
TconfusionTamongTthem.


TheTchapterTthenTpresentsTtheTtwoTmodelsTofTtheTcriminalTjusticeTsystem.TTheTfirst,TtheT
crimeTcontrolTmodel,TreflectsTtraditionalTconservativeTpoliticalTvalues.TInTthisTmodel,Tthe
TcontrolTofTcriminalTbehaviorTisTtheTmostTimportantTfunctionTofTcriminalTjustice.TTheTse
cond,TtheTdueTprocessTmodel,TembodiesTtraditionalTliberalTpoliticalTvalues.TInTthisTmodel,
TtheTprincipalTgoalTofTcriminalTjusticeTisTatTleastTasTmuchTtoTprotectTtheTinnocentTasTitTi
sTtoTconvictTtheTguilty.TheTchapterTendsTwithTaTdiscussionTofTmythsTaboutTcrimeTandTcr
iminalTjustice.TTheTchapterTalsoTusesTtheThistoryTofTtrialTbyTordealTasTanTexample.TThro
ughoutTtheTbook,TcriminalTjusticeTmythsTareTexposedTandTexplained.

LectureTOutline

I. CrimeTinTtheTUnitedTStates

EveryTdayTpeopleTareTconfrontedTwithTreportsTofTcrimeTinTnewspapers,Tmagazines,TandTr
adioTandTtelevisionTnewsTprograms.TCrimeTisTaTfavoriteTsubjectTofTmoviesTandTnovels.
Unfortunately,TsomeTpeopleTencounterTcrimeTmoreTdirectlyTasTvictims.TNoTwonderTcrime
TisTaTtopTconcernTofTtheTAmericanTpublic.


II. CriminalTJustice:TAnTInstitutionTofTSocialTControl

LikeTtheTfamily,Tschools,TorganizedTreligion,TtheTmedia,TandTtheTlaw,TcriminalTjusticeTi
sTanTinstitutionTofTsocialTcontrolTinTtheTUnitedTStates.TATprimaryTroleTofTsuchTinstitut
ionsTisTtoTpersuadeTpeople,TthroughTsubtleTandTnot-so-
subtleTmeans,TtoTabideTbyTtheTdominantTvaluesTofTsociety.TSubtleTmeansTofTpersuasionT
includeTgossipTandTpeerTpressure,TwhereasTexpulsionTandTincarcerationTareTexamplesTof
Tnot-so-subtleTmeans.


III. CriminalTJustice:TTheTSystem

CriminalTjusticeTinTtheTUnitedTStatesTisTadministeredTbyTaTlooseTconfederationTofTmoreT
Bohm,TIntroductionTtoTCriminalTJustice,
T10e
CopyrightT©2021TMcGraw-
HillTEducation.TAllTrightsTreserved.TNoTreproductionTorTdistributionTwithoutTtheTpriorTwrittenTconsentTofTMcGraw-HillTEducation.

,thanT50,000TagenciesTofTfederal,Tstate,TandTlocalTgovernments.TThereTareTdifferencesTinT
theTwaysTtheTcriminalTjusticeTsystemToperatesTinTdifferentTjurisdictions,TthereTareTalsoTsi
milarities.TTheTtermTjurisdiction,TasTusedThere,TmeansTaTpoliticallyTdefinedTgeographical
Tarea.


MisdemeanorsTareTlessTseriousTcrimesTgenerallyTpunishableTbyTaTfineTorTbyTincarcerati
onTinTjailTforTnotTmoreTthanToneTyear.TFeloniesTareTseriousToffensesTpunishableTbyTcon
finementTinTprisonTforTmoreTthanToneTyearTorTbyTdeath.

A. Police

TheTcriminalTjusticeTresponseTtoTcrimeTbeginsTwhenTaTcrimeTisTreportedTtoTtheTpolic
eTor,TfarTlessToften,TwhenTtheTpoliceTthemselvesTdiscoverTthatTaTcrimeThasTbeenTcom
mitted.
Often,TanTarrestTsupportedTbyTwitnessTstatementsTandTcrimeTsceneTevidenceTisTsuffic
ientTtoTcloseTaTcase,TespeciallyTwithTaTlessTseriousTcrime.
AnTarrestTisTtheTseizingTandTdetainingTofTaTpersonTbyTlawfulTauthority.TBookingTisTtheTadm
inistrativeTrecordingTofTtheTarrest.

B. Courts

SoonTafterTaTsuspectThasTbeenTarrestedTandTbooked,TaTprosecutorTreviewsTtheTfactsTof
TtheTcaseTandTtheTavailableTevidence.TTheTprosecutorTdecidesTwhetherTtoTchargeTtheTs
uspectTwithTaTcrimeTorTcrimes.

PretrialTStages

AfterTtheTchargeTorTchargesThaveTbeenTfiled,TtheTsuspect,TwhoTisTnowTtheTdefenda
nt,TisTbroughtTbeforeTaTlower-
courtTjudgeTforTanTinitialTappearance.TAtTtheTinitialTappearance,TtheTdefendantTisT
givenTformalTnoticeTofTtheTchargeTorTchargesTagainstThimTorTherTandTadvisedTofThi
sTorTherTconstitutionalTrights.TInTtheTcaseTofTaTmisdemeanorTorTanTordinanceTviolat
ion,TaTsummaryTtrialT(anTimmediateTtrialTwithoutTaTjury)TmayTbeTheld.

ProbableTcauseTisTaTstandardTofTproofTthatTrequiresTtrustworthyTevidenceTsufficie
ntTtoTmakeTaTreasonableTpersonTbelieveTthat,TmoreTlikelyTthanTnot,TtheTproposedTa
ctionTisTjustified.TBail,TusuallyTaTmonetaryTguaranteeTdepositedTwithTtheTcourt,TisT
meantTtoTensureTthatTtheTdefendantTwillTappearTatTaTlaterTstageTinTtheTcriminalTjus
ticeTprocess.TInTaboutThalfTofTallTstates,TaTpreliminaryThearingTfollowsTtheTinitial
Tappearance.TATgrandTjuryTisTaTgroupTofTcitizensTwhoTmeetTinTclosedTsessionsTfo
rTaTspecifiedTperiodTtoTinvestigateTchargesTcomingTfromTpreliminaryThearingsTandT
Bohm,TIntroductionTtoTCriminalTJustice,
T10e
CopyrightT©2021TMcGraw-
HillTEducation.TAllTrightsTreserved.TNoTreproductionTorTdistributionTwithoutTtheTpriorTwrittenTconsentTofTMcGraw-HillTEducation.

, toTfulfillTotherTresponsibilities.

InTstatesTthatTdoTnotTuseTgrandTjuries,TprosecutorsTchargeTdefendantsTwithTaTdocu
mentTcalledTanTinformation.TAnTinformationToutlinesTtheTformalTchargeTorTcharg
es,TtheTlawTorTlawsTthatThaveTbeenTviolated,TandTtheTevidenceTtoTsupportTtheTcha
rgeTorTcharges.
OnceTanTindictmentTorTinformationTisTfiledTwithTtheTtrialTcourt,TtheTdefendantTisTs
cheduledTforTarraignment—
theTprimaryTpurposeTofTarraignmentTisTtoThearTtheTformalTinformationTorTindictmen
tTandTtoTallowTtheTdefendantTtoTenterTaTplea.TAboutT95%TofTcriminalTdefendantsTp
leadTguiltyTtoTtheTchargesTagainstTthemTinTanTarrangementTcalledTpleaTbargaining
—
theTpracticeTwherebyTtheTprosecutor,TtheTdefenseTattorney,TtheTdefendant,Tand,TinT
manyTjurisdictions,TtheTjudgeTagreeTonTaTspecificTsentenceTtoTbeTimposedTifTtheTac
cusedTpleadsTguiltyTtoTanTagreed-onTchargeTorTchargesTinsteadTofTgoingTtoTtrial.
LectureTTip:TTheTstudentsTmayTwantTtoTdiscussTtheseTitemsTinTmoreTdetailTt
hanTtimeTallows.TAssureTthemTthatTeachTofTtheseTitemsTwillTbeTdiscussedTinT
detailTlaterTinTtheTbook.


Trial

IfTaTdefendantTpleadsTnotTguiltyTorTnotTguiltyTbyTreasonTofTinsanity,TaTtrialTdateTis
Tset.TApproximatelyT2%TofTcriminalTcasesTinvolveTjuryTtrials.TTheTremainingTcases
TthatTareTnotTresolvedTthroughTpleaTbargainingTareTdecidedTbyTaTjudgeTinTaTbench
Ttrial—
aTtrialTbeforeTaTjudgeTwithoutTaTjury.TIfTtheTjudgeTorTtheTjuryTfindsTtheTdefendantT
guiltyTasTcharged,TtheTjudgeTbeginsTtoTconsiderTaTsentence.

C. Corrections

PresentenceTinvestigationTreportsTareTusedTinTtheTfederalTsystemTandTinTtheTmajorityT
ofTstatesTtoThelpTjudgesTdetermineTappropriateTsentences.TFiveTgeneralTtypesTofTpunis
hmentTareTinTuseTinTtheTUnitedTStates:Tfines,Tprobation,TintermediateTpunishments,T i
mprisonment,TandTdeath.TProbationTisTaTsentenceTinTwhichTtheToffenderTisTretainedTi
nTtheTcommunityTunderTtheTsupervisionTofTaTprobationTagencyTratherTthanTbeingTinca
rcerated.TItTisTtheTmostTfrequentlyTimposedTsentenceTinTtheTU.S.

DefendantsTwhoTareTfoundTguiltyTmayTappealTonTeitherTlegalTorTconstitutionalTgorund
s.TAppellateTcourtsTmayTaffirmTtheTlowerTcourt’sTverdictTandTletTitTstand,TmodifyTtheT
verdictTwithoutTtotallyTreversingTit,TreverseTtheTverdict,TorTreverseTtheTdecisionTandTr
Bohm,TIntroductionTtoTCriminalTJustice,
T10e
CopyrightT©2021TMcGraw-
HillTEducation.TAllTrightsTreserved.TNoTreproductionTorTdistributionTwithoutTtheTpriorTwrittenTconsentTofTMcGraw-HillTEducation.