SRI CHANDRASEKHARENDRA SARASWATHI VISWA
MAHAVIDYALAYA
(University U/S 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Accredited with “A” Grade by NAAC
ENATHUR, KANCHIPURAM - 631561
DEPARTMENT : EIE/MECHATRONICS
YEAR/SEM : IV/ VIII
SUBJECT : BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
SUBJECT CODE : EI8T2
UNIT : I TO V
Prepared by
S. S. SARAVANA KUMAR,
KUMAR
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya
Enathur, Kanchipuram - 631561
, BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
Aim
To make the student understand about the construction, working and operation of various biomedical instruments.
Objectives
The course will enable the students to:
1. Understand the Physiology of the heart, lung, blood circulation and respiration including different
transducers used.
2. Learn about various sensing and measurement devices of electrical and non-electrical origin.
3. Understand modern methods of imaging techniques.
4. Study about medical assistance techniques and therapeutic equipments
Outcome
At the end of this course the students should be able to:
1. Know the basic concepts of Anatomy & Physiology
2. Have adequate knowledge about different types of Electrodes, Transducers and Amplifiers
3. Understand the important and modern methods of imaging techniques
4. Comprehend about the Human Assist Devices and Therapeutic Equipments
UNIT -I FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
Cell and its structure – Resting and Action Potential – Nervous system and its fundamentals - Basic components of a
biomedical system- Cardiovascular systems- Respiratory systems -Kidney and blood flow - Biomechanics of bone -
Biomechanics of soft tissues - Basic mechanics of spinal column and limbs -Physiological signals and transducers -
Transducers – selection criteria – Piezo electric, ultrasonic transducers - Temperature measurements - Fibre optic
temperature sensors.
UNIT- II NON ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
Measurement of blood pressure - Cardiac output - Heart rate - Heart sound - Pulmonary function measurements –
spirometer – Photo Plethysmography, Body Plethysmography – Blood Gas analysers, pH of blood –measurement of
blood pCO2, pO2, finger-tip oxymeter - ESR, GSR measurements.
UNIT -III ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS
Electrodes – Limb electrodes –floating electrodes – pregelled disposable electrodes - Micro, needle and surface
electrodes – Amplifiers, Preamplifiers, differential amplifiers, chopper amplifiers – Isolation amplifier - ECG – EEG –
EMG – ERG – Lead systems and recording methods – Typical waveforms - Electrical safety in medical environment,
shock hazards – leakage current-Instruments for checking safety parameters of biomedical equipments.
UNIT -IV IMAGING MODALITIES AND ANALYSIS
Radio graphic and fluoroscopic techniques – Computer tomography – MRI – PET-SPECT- Ultrasonography –
Endoscopy – Thermography –Different types of biotelemetry systems - Retinal Imaging - Imaging application in
Biometric systems - Analysis of digital images
UNIT- V LIFE ASSISTING, THERAPEUTIC AND ROBOTIC DEVICES
Pacemakers – Defibrillators – Ventilators – Nerve and muscle stimulators – Diathermy – Heart – Lung machine –
Audio meters – Dialysers – Lithotripsy - ICCU patient monitoring system - Nano Robots - Robotic surgery –
Advanced 3D surgical techniques- Orthopedic prostheses fixation.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Leslie Cromwell, Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurement, Prentice hall of India, New Delhi,2007.
2. M.Arumugam, ‘Bio-Medical Instrumentation’, Anuradha Agencies, 2003.
3. Khandpur R.S, Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation, , Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2 Edition,
2003.
REFERENCES:
1. John G. Webster, Medical Instrumentation Application and Design, John Wiley and sons, NewYork,
1998.
2. Duane Knudson, Fundamentals of Biomechanics, Springer, 2nd Edition, 2007.
3. Suh, Sang, Gurupur, Varadraj P., Tanik, Murat M., Health Care Systems, Technology and Techniques,
Springer, 1st Edition, 2011.
4. Ed. Joseph D. Bronzino, The Biomedical Engineering Hand Book, Third Edition, Boca Raton, CRC
Press LLC, 2006.
5. Joseph J.carr and John M. Brown, Introduction to Biomedical Equipment Technology, John Wiley and
sons, New York, 4th Edition, 2012.
, UNIT -I
FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
AIM
To know the basic concepts of Anatomy & Physiology
PRE MCQ:
1. Which type of transducer requires energy to be put into it in order to translate changes due to
the measurand?
a) Active transducers
b) Passive transducers
c) Powered transducers
d) Local transducers
Answer: b
2. Active transducers work on the principle of ________
a) Energy conversion
b) Mass conversion
c) Energy alteration
d) Volume conversion
Answer: a
3. Accuracy is ______
a) Ability of the transducer or sensor to see small differences in reading
b) Ability of the transducer or sensor to see small differences in reading
c) Algebraic difference between the indicated value and the true or theoretical value of the
measurand
d) Total operating range of the transducer
Answer: c
4. The smallest change in measurant that will result in a measurable change in the transducer
output is called _______
a) Offset
b) Linearity
c) Resolution
d) Threshold
Answer: d
5. Unwanted signal at the output due either to internal sources or to interference is called
________
a) Offset
b) Noise
c) Drift
d) Threshold
Answer: b
6. The ability of the sensor to see small differences in reading is called ______
a) Resolution
b) Drift
c) Offset
d) Linearity
Answer: a
7. Change is signal over long period of time is called _______
a) Noise
b) Offset
c) Hysteresis
d) Drift
Answer: d
, THEORY:
Cell and its structure – Resting and Action Potential – Nervous system and its fundamentals –
Basiccomponents of a biomedical system- Cardiovascular systems- Respiratory systems -Kidney
and bloodflow - Biomechanics of bone - Biomechanics of soft tissues - Basic mechanics of spinal
column andlimbs -Physiological signals and transducers - Transducers – selection criteria – Piezo
electric,ultrasonic transducers - Temperature measurements - Fibre optic temperature sensors.
Cell and its Structure
Cell theory:
All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic units of life and all tissues and organs are
composed of cells. They are so small that they must be viewed with a microscope. There are
different types of cells.
Cells can either be eukaryotic or prokaryotic.
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Plant and animal cells are
eukaryotes. Plant cells are generally a square shape while animal cells are usually circular. Plant
cells and animal cells have evolved different organelles to perform specific functions. Plant cells
have chloroplasts, a cell wall and a central vacuole. Animal cells lack these three organelles. Plant
cells have chloroplasts because they make their own food. Plant cells have a cell wall so that they do
not burst when the central vacuole fills up with water. Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, and lack
membrane bound organelles. They are the oldest cells on earth. Bacteria are prokaryotes.
Prokaryotes often move using special structures such as flagella or cilia.
Cells have many structures inside of them called organelles. These organelles are like the organs in a
human and they help the cell stay alive. Each organelle has its own specific function to help the cell
survive. The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell directs the cell’s activities and stores DNA. Eukaryotes
also have a Golgi apparatus that packages and distributes proteins. Mitochondria are the power
house of the cell and provide the cell with energy. Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria.
Lysosomes are like the stomach of the cell. They contain enzymes that digest the cell’s used parts.
All of the cell’s organelles must work together to keep the cell healthy.
The cell membrane is the protective barrier that surrounds the cell and prevents unwanted material
from getting into it. The cell membrane has many functions, but one main function that it has is to
transport materials (salts, electrolytes, glucose and other necessary molecules) into the cell to
support necessary life functions. Not only does the membrane let molecules into the cell, but it also
lets wastes such as carbon dioxide out of the cell. The cell membrane is made up of a phosholipid
bilayer. Each phopholipid contains a hydrophilic, or water loving head and a hydrophobic, or water
fearing tail. These properties that the phospholipids have and the specific orientation they are
arranged in provide the cell with a selectively permeable barrier.
MAHAVIDYALAYA
(University U/S 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Accredited with “A” Grade by NAAC
ENATHUR, KANCHIPURAM - 631561
DEPARTMENT : EIE/MECHATRONICS
YEAR/SEM : IV/ VIII
SUBJECT : BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
SUBJECT CODE : EI8T2
UNIT : I TO V
Prepared by
S. S. SARAVANA KUMAR,
KUMAR
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya
Enathur, Kanchipuram - 631561
, BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
Aim
To make the student understand about the construction, working and operation of various biomedical instruments.
Objectives
The course will enable the students to:
1. Understand the Physiology of the heart, lung, blood circulation and respiration including different
transducers used.
2. Learn about various sensing and measurement devices of electrical and non-electrical origin.
3. Understand modern methods of imaging techniques.
4. Study about medical assistance techniques and therapeutic equipments
Outcome
At the end of this course the students should be able to:
1. Know the basic concepts of Anatomy & Physiology
2. Have adequate knowledge about different types of Electrodes, Transducers and Amplifiers
3. Understand the important and modern methods of imaging techniques
4. Comprehend about the Human Assist Devices and Therapeutic Equipments
UNIT -I FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
Cell and its structure – Resting and Action Potential – Nervous system and its fundamentals - Basic components of a
biomedical system- Cardiovascular systems- Respiratory systems -Kidney and blood flow - Biomechanics of bone -
Biomechanics of soft tissues - Basic mechanics of spinal column and limbs -Physiological signals and transducers -
Transducers – selection criteria – Piezo electric, ultrasonic transducers - Temperature measurements - Fibre optic
temperature sensors.
UNIT- II NON ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
Measurement of blood pressure - Cardiac output - Heart rate - Heart sound - Pulmonary function measurements –
spirometer – Photo Plethysmography, Body Plethysmography – Blood Gas analysers, pH of blood –measurement of
blood pCO2, pO2, finger-tip oxymeter - ESR, GSR measurements.
UNIT -III ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS
Electrodes – Limb electrodes –floating electrodes – pregelled disposable electrodes - Micro, needle and surface
electrodes – Amplifiers, Preamplifiers, differential amplifiers, chopper amplifiers – Isolation amplifier - ECG – EEG –
EMG – ERG – Lead systems and recording methods – Typical waveforms - Electrical safety in medical environment,
shock hazards – leakage current-Instruments for checking safety parameters of biomedical equipments.
UNIT -IV IMAGING MODALITIES AND ANALYSIS
Radio graphic and fluoroscopic techniques – Computer tomography – MRI – PET-SPECT- Ultrasonography –
Endoscopy – Thermography –Different types of biotelemetry systems - Retinal Imaging - Imaging application in
Biometric systems - Analysis of digital images
UNIT- V LIFE ASSISTING, THERAPEUTIC AND ROBOTIC DEVICES
Pacemakers – Defibrillators – Ventilators – Nerve and muscle stimulators – Diathermy – Heart – Lung machine –
Audio meters – Dialysers – Lithotripsy - ICCU patient monitoring system - Nano Robots - Robotic surgery –
Advanced 3D surgical techniques- Orthopedic prostheses fixation.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Leslie Cromwell, Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurement, Prentice hall of India, New Delhi,2007.
2. M.Arumugam, ‘Bio-Medical Instrumentation’, Anuradha Agencies, 2003.
3. Khandpur R.S, Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation, , Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2 Edition,
2003.
REFERENCES:
1. John G. Webster, Medical Instrumentation Application and Design, John Wiley and sons, NewYork,
1998.
2. Duane Knudson, Fundamentals of Biomechanics, Springer, 2nd Edition, 2007.
3. Suh, Sang, Gurupur, Varadraj P., Tanik, Murat M., Health Care Systems, Technology and Techniques,
Springer, 1st Edition, 2011.
4. Ed. Joseph D. Bronzino, The Biomedical Engineering Hand Book, Third Edition, Boca Raton, CRC
Press LLC, 2006.
5. Joseph J.carr and John M. Brown, Introduction to Biomedical Equipment Technology, John Wiley and
sons, New York, 4th Edition, 2012.
, UNIT -I
FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
AIM
To know the basic concepts of Anatomy & Physiology
PRE MCQ:
1. Which type of transducer requires energy to be put into it in order to translate changes due to
the measurand?
a) Active transducers
b) Passive transducers
c) Powered transducers
d) Local transducers
Answer: b
2. Active transducers work on the principle of ________
a) Energy conversion
b) Mass conversion
c) Energy alteration
d) Volume conversion
Answer: a
3. Accuracy is ______
a) Ability of the transducer or sensor to see small differences in reading
b) Ability of the transducer or sensor to see small differences in reading
c) Algebraic difference between the indicated value and the true or theoretical value of the
measurand
d) Total operating range of the transducer
Answer: c
4. The smallest change in measurant that will result in a measurable change in the transducer
output is called _______
a) Offset
b) Linearity
c) Resolution
d) Threshold
Answer: d
5. Unwanted signal at the output due either to internal sources or to interference is called
________
a) Offset
b) Noise
c) Drift
d) Threshold
Answer: b
6. The ability of the sensor to see small differences in reading is called ______
a) Resolution
b) Drift
c) Offset
d) Linearity
Answer: a
7. Change is signal over long period of time is called _______
a) Noise
b) Offset
c) Hysteresis
d) Drift
Answer: d
, THEORY:
Cell and its structure – Resting and Action Potential – Nervous system and its fundamentals –
Basiccomponents of a biomedical system- Cardiovascular systems- Respiratory systems -Kidney
and bloodflow - Biomechanics of bone - Biomechanics of soft tissues - Basic mechanics of spinal
column andlimbs -Physiological signals and transducers - Transducers – selection criteria – Piezo
electric,ultrasonic transducers - Temperature measurements - Fibre optic temperature sensors.
Cell and its Structure
Cell theory:
All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic units of life and all tissues and organs are
composed of cells. They are so small that they must be viewed with a microscope. There are
different types of cells.
Cells can either be eukaryotic or prokaryotic.
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Plant and animal cells are
eukaryotes. Plant cells are generally a square shape while animal cells are usually circular. Plant
cells and animal cells have evolved different organelles to perform specific functions. Plant cells
have chloroplasts, a cell wall and a central vacuole. Animal cells lack these three organelles. Plant
cells have chloroplasts because they make their own food. Plant cells have a cell wall so that they do
not burst when the central vacuole fills up with water. Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, and lack
membrane bound organelles. They are the oldest cells on earth. Bacteria are prokaryotes.
Prokaryotes often move using special structures such as flagella or cilia.
Cells have many structures inside of them called organelles. These organelles are like the organs in a
human and they help the cell stay alive. Each organelle has its own specific function to help the cell
survive. The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell directs the cell’s activities and stores DNA. Eukaryotes
also have a Golgi apparatus that packages and distributes proteins. Mitochondria are the power
house of the cell and provide the cell with energy. Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria.
Lysosomes are like the stomach of the cell. They contain enzymes that digest the cell’s used parts.
All of the cell’s organelles must work together to keep the cell healthy.
The cell membrane is the protective barrier that surrounds the cell and prevents unwanted material
from getting into it. The cell membrane has many functions, but one main function that it has is to
transport materials (salts, electrolytes, glucose and other necessary molecules) into the cell to
support necessary life functions. Not only does the membrane let molecules into the cell, but it also
lets wastes such as carbon dioxide out of the cell. The cell membrane is made up of a phosholipid
bilayer. Each phopholipid contains a hydrophilic, or water loving head and a hydrophobic, or water
fearing tail. These properties that the phospholipids have and the specific orientation they are
arranged in provide the cell with a selectively permeable barrier.
