ANTHROPOLOGY 101 EXAM 1 HOLLENBACH EXAM QUESTIONS CORRECT ANSWERS NEW UPDATE (VERIFIED A+ PASS

ANTHROPOLOGY 101 EXAM 1 HOLLENBACH EXAM QUESTIONS CORRECT ANSWERS NEW UPDATE (VERIFIED A+ PASS) 4 subfields of anthropology - RIGHT ANSWER -cultural, biological, linguistic, archaeology Analogous - RIGHT ANSWER -similar in appearance or function, but independent of shared ancestry Angela and the Angela Site - RIGHT ANSWER -named after angela who is an enslaved woman fro Ndongo. arrives in VA in 1619 on the treasurer and sold to william pierce, disappear after 1625. Has certain artifacts that provides context to the time and what happened. Anthropology as a discipline starts in the... - RIGHT ANSWER -Begins in the Age of Enlightenment ( 18th-19th ) Looking for characteristics or even laws of societies. Anthropology is both holistic and comparative - RIGHT ANSWER -Holistic: we are studying the past and present different domains of human life. ( looking at how it has been and what it can be ), Comparative: compares the different cultures and societies as well as analyzing them separately. Archeological Anthropology - RIGHT ANSWER -the study of human behavior through material remains. artifacts, objects, reconstruct cultural patterns where people have lived Ascribed vs. agency-based social identity - RIGHT ANSWER -Agency- social status based on choices or accomplishments, Ascribed- social status based on limited choice--ex age Assimilation - RIGHT ANSWER -the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another Audrey Smedley's core argument about race - RIGHT ANSWER -"what modern scientists are stating is that race as a biological concept cannot be supported by the facts that we have learned about human biological variations and their genetic basis" and "despite referential discrepancies, the social categories of race are still very real" Bacon's rebellion and its result. What effects did it have regarding understandings of race - RIGHT ANSWER -To prevent future rebellions and maintain control, colonial authorities implemented laws that solidified racial divisions.Led by Nathaniel Bacon, a group of colonists, primarily poor white settlers, rebelled against the Virginia colonial government, balanced polymorphism - RIGHT ANSWER -Those with sickle cell were more immune to malaria so theres areas that have a higher population of sickle cell because malaria is more prevalent Biological anthropology - RIGHT ANSWER -the study of human biological variation in time and space. Human evolution, fossils, biological human evolution, morphology, genetics, growth and development, non human primates. Bipedalism - RIGHT ANSWER -the ability to walk upright on two legs Birwood Wall at 8 Mile - RIGHT ANSWER -the wall kept black people from moving into the white neighborhood. it was built in order to separate the white side from the black because the black side was redlined but a developer still waned to create houses near that would not be redlined Bonobos: Our closest living relative in the animal kingdom. Know their characteristics as I described them in lecture. - RIGHT ANSWER -Peaceful, females hold power, can be agressive but mostly to outsiders. Brachiation - RIGHT ANSWER -a method of movement that uses the arms to swing from branch to branch Change as a result of war or trade - RIGHT ANSWER -Culture can be changed by war and trade. Impacting beliefs and social structures, and integrating new ideas and innovations. Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace - RIGHT ANSWER -transformation of species. C Darwin and A.R. wallace both posit that natural selection is the means by which evolution occurs Chimpanzee: territoriality, possibly even "conquest." - RIGHT ANSWER -Internal hierarchies, teritorial, violent, conquest. Chinese Exclusion Act - RIGHT ANSWER -(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. Colonialism and its relationship to early anthropology - RIGHT ANSWER -the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time. 19th century anthropologists were extractive. classified groups to be savages and did not attempt to understand someone's culture. 20th century anthropologists were focused on ethical engagement rather than extraction. Convergent Evolution - RIGHT ANSWER -Evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species Cosmopolitan Distribution - RIGHT ANSWER -species with ranges that cover most of the earth Culture is Integrated with daily experience, Example of the spider web - RIGHT ANSWER -if one aspect of culture changes, other aspects change too. the spider web example serves as a powerful reminder of the complexity and interrelatedness of cultural systems, illustrating how various components work together to shape human experiences. De facto vs de jure - RIGHT ANSWER -de facto: practiced but not legally sanctioned De jure: part of the law (Jim crow laws) Differences between chimpanzees and bonobos. - RIGHT ANSWER -Their approach to conflict. Chimpanzees are violent and males generally hold power. Bonobos are peaceful and engage in non reproductive sex to avoid conflict. Emic vs. Etic perspective - RIGHT ANSWER -Emic: cultural context, understanding what is happening as the people who are experiencing it understand it. Etic: a strategy focusing on anthropologists explanations, categories, and analysis. attempting more "objectivity" ( not totally possible ) Enculturation - RIGHT ANSWER -learning culture as an effect of different cultural influences Ethnocentrism vs. Cultural Relativism - RIGHT ANSWER -Ethnocentrism:tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups. Cultural Relativism:idea that behavior should be evaluated not by outside standards but in the context of the culture in which it occurs Ethnography - RIGHT ANSWER -a type of writing based on fieldwork in a particular cultural setting Familiarization and Defamiliarization - RIGHT ANSWER -making the strange familiar and making the familiar strange FHA and GI Bill in relation to housing segregation - RIGHT ANSWER -The FHA provides mortgage insurance on loans made by approved lenders to borrowers with low to moderate incomes.FHA policies often reinforced racial segregation. For instance, redlining practices excluded minority neighborhoods from access to FHA loans, perpetuating systemic inequalities. The GI Bill was enacted in 1944 to provide various benefits to returning World War II veterans, including education, housing, and unemployment ity veterans often faced barriers to fully accessing its benefits. Fieldwork (and what makes anthropological fieldwork different) - RIGHT ANSWER -anthropologists immerse themselves in an environment and then they study the daily life. do no harm, obtain informed consent, ensure anonymity Genetics, the Modern Synthesis and how it changed understandings of evolution - RIGHT ANSWER -what modern scientists are stating is that race as a biological concept cannot be supported by the facts that we have learned about human biological variations and their genetic basis" and "despite referential discrepancies, the social categories of race are still very real Great chain of being and the ideas associated with it like fixity - RIGHT ANSWER -a hierarchical structure that was widely accepted in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, reflecting a worldview that categorized all living and non-living things in a linear order. Hair texture (Lasisi video) - RIGHT ANSWER -Individuals who lied in a hotter climate had more textured hair to prevent the sun from reaching their scalp and brain and to provide more airflow. Herodotus - RIGHT ANSWER -Herodotus- 484-425 BCE, greek traveler who wrote about "gold digging ants", he made a point to describe the cultural backgrounds of the places the visited. engages in data gatherings. persian empire, gathering real information about lands and people in lands, religious practives of the people in persiane empire, systemize the empire Homologies - RIGHT ANSWER -phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry how race was defined at the time of English settlement, and how it changed over time - RIGHT ANSWER -Jamestown, VA; first permanent English settlement in what would become the US. The establishment is a pivotal moment, a pivotal site for how race was constructed.Groups we see as the same race today would have been seen as different back then -- ex wild Irish, English saw them as inferiorwhen colonial America was founded, they used the racial differences of natives to justify taking land and displacing those peoplesoriginally, both Europeans and africans were used as indentured servants until eventually slavery was established and became the preferred method of labor How racism affects human biology - RIGHT ANSWER -Racism can lead to profound biological and health consequences through stress, social determinants, and unequal access to resources How to "break" shared cultural rules - RIGHT ANSWER -challenging norms and expectations that hold a society together. I-375 and the destruction of Black Bottom and Paradise Valley - RIGHT ANSWER -A community of thriving affrican americans was torn down to build a highway, emphasizes the choice that was made to tear down that specific part of detroit Ibn Battuta - RIGHT ANSWER - CE; Berber scholar adn traveler, extensivelt traveled North America, middle east, central and eastern asia, memoir and account of his journetys, Indentured servitude vs enslavement - RIGHT ANSWER -Indentured servants had fixed terms of servitude, whereas slavery had no term limits and was hereditary (children of enslaved people would also be enslaved). Independent Invention - RIGHT ANSWER -Independent development of a cultural feature within a group--creating your own culture/cultural symbols Indian Removal Act - RIGHT ANSWER -(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River Intersecionality - RIGHT ANSWER -the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage. Is culture law or law-like? Example of laws changing from the slides - RIGHT ANSWER -culture is "law-like" but it isn't immutable law. ex:what a haunted house is. Juane Quick to See Smith's painting and what concept it discusses - RIGHT ANSWER -painting as an example of defamiliarizing the US. Represents colonialism and naive cultures-- the ones with the names are the ones that came from native names Knuckle-Walking - RIGHT ANSWER -A form of movement used by chimpanzees and gorillas that is characterized by all four limbs touching the ground, with the weight of the arms resting on the knuckles of the hands Linguistic anthropology - RIGHT ANSWER -The study of human language and linguistic diversity in the past and present. social and cultural context. interacting with how we culturally are. in common or differences. looking at languages influencing. Litigation over who counted as "white" (the Ozawa and Thind Supreme Court Cases) - RIGHT ANSWER -Supreme court contradicted itself on their definition of white so that they could keep it exclusive to their own definitions of white Major differences between 19th century anthropology and contemporary anthropology - RIGHT ANSWER -Worked with communities more ethically and tried to understand them rather than merely extracting and colonizing them Microaggressions - RIGHT ANSWER -common, everyday verbal or behavioral indignities and slights that communicate hostile, derogatory, and negative messages about someone's race, gender, sexual orientation, or religion Nocturnal vs. Diurnal - RIGHT ANSWER -Nocturnal: active at night Diurnal: active during the day Old World vs. New World Monkeys. - RIGHT ANSWER -New world: live in americas, smaller, can grasp things with their tails. Old world: asia and africa, larger and terrestrail, active during the day. Point Comfort and the introduction of enslaved people from Africa (1619) - RIGHT ANSWER -two english privateet ships, the white lion and the treasurer. contained captives taken agaisnt their will from the kingdom of Ndongo, marks the beginning of slavery Prejudice vs. Discrimination - RIGHT ANSWER -prejudice is a negative attitude/predisposed thought, discrimination is a negative behavior acting on the prejudice Race versus ethnicity - RIGHT ANSWER -Race is imposed (usually based on physical differences), hierarchical, exclusive, and unequal and Ethnicity is voluntary, self-defined, nonhierarchical, fluid, cultural, and not as closely linked with power differences; An ethnic identity becomes racialized when it is subsumed under a forced label, racial marker, or "otherness." racism/systematic racism - RIGHT ANSWER -racism is a belief system and set of practices that discriminate against individuals based on their perceived race or ethnicity. Systematic racism is a set of systems in place from a while ago that indirectly or directly discriminate against individuals. Reasons for variation in skin color (TED talk) - RIGHT ANSWER -The sun and preventing melanoma based on where individuals lived in reference to the equator because a long time ago there was no sunscreen Redlining versus blockbusting - RIGHT ANSWER -Blockbusting is a practice where real estate agents and developers encourage white homeowners to sell their properties at a loss by instilling fear that racial minorities will soon move into the neighborhood. Redlining refers to the systematic denial of services (like mortgage loans and insurance) to residents in certain neighborhoods, often based on racial composition. Romanov example of natural selection - RIGHT ANSWER -The presence of hemophilia in the Romanov lineage can be viewed through the lens of natural selection. the family's struggles and eventual execution reflect how genetic and social vulnerabilities can lead to extinction in a historical context. Sarah Blaffer Hrdy and the significance of her airplane example - RIGHT ANSWER -how people on an airplane react to a crying baby versus how chimps would react. intersubjectivity--eagerness to share social experiences with others--airplane example shows how we have social understanding of how to act around others even if they are strangers Seneca Village, NYC - RIGHT ANSWER -Many houses were torn down to produce central park but it erased history of the culture and african american people that were living there and they were forced out due to eminent domain. Social darwinism - RIGHT ANSWER -The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. Sociocultral anthropolgy ( social and cultural anthropology ) - RIGHT ANSWER -look at human societies and cultures. comparing and juxtiposing Strepsirrhines vs. Haplorrhines - RIGHT ANSWER -Strepsirrhines are lemurs and lorises smaller body and brain and nocturnal. Haplorrhines are new and old world monkeys larger brain to body ratio and large portion of brain dedicated to vision. The 3 things from lecture that race is not - RIGHT ANSWER -biological determinism, fixed and immutable identity, objective reality The 5 key primate qualities discussed in lecture. - RIGHT ANSWER -Dexterity, Visual Acuity, Big Brains, Infant Dependency, Social The 7 Basic Elements of Culture - RIGHT ANSWER -culture is learned, uses symbols, is dynamic, is integrated with daily experience, shapes everybody's lives, is shared, gives people a way of doing things they may consider "right" The burial/tomb examples - RIGHT ANSWER -shows how different cultural practices can be misinterpreted from an ethnocentric viewpoint The Greek words that make up anthropology and what they mean - RIGHT ANSWER -Anthropos : "humankind" Logoz : "word ,study" The wink/twitch example from Geertz/Ryle and how it relates to thick description - RIGHT ANSWER -origin of the thick description, borrows the concept from ryle and then applies it to anthropology. Thick Description (and its three components) - RIGHT ANSWER -uses detail and balances with context and analysis. taking emic and etic together, juxtaposing--rich detail, etic and emicit allows us to make better sense of the complex things we are witnessing. Three major points from the AABA statement on race - RIGHT ANSWER -1. Race is not biological reality 2. Human populations are not genetically distinct 3. Physical traits used to categorize race do not accurately represent underlying biological diversity. Titus Kaphar's TED Talk, "Can Art Amend History?" - RIGHT ANSWER -Kaphar discusses how traditional art often reflects a Eurocentric perspective that overlooks or misrepresents the contributions and experiences of marginalized communities.He posits that art can be a means of healing, offering opportunities for reconciliation and understanding Tuskegee Syphilis Study and the Stanford Prison Experiment Ethics - RIGHT ANSWER -Syphilis: told patients they would treat them in a study about syphilis but then only some of them actually were treated, no informed consent. Stanford prison study: examines phycological effects of perceived power in a prison like environment. Ultrasocial behavior, what it is and why it's important - RIGHT ANSWER -highly cooperative and socially complex behaviors exhibited by certain species, including humans. important for survival, cultural development, problem solving, making bonds Vampire example and Señora de Cao example - RIGHT ANSWER -we all have different understandings of what a vampire is and symbolizes because of our cultures. seniora- integrated : weapons and adornment tells us about gender and power Encompassing : burial techniques can tell us about the Moche CultureSymbolic : Nose ring and headdress symbolizing power because these things were normally only given to the men What are the sources of solidarity that forms ethnic identity - RIGHT ANSWER -Shared history and memory, language, cultural practices, geography, social networks, symbols What does "biocultural" mean - RIGHT ANSWER -interconnectedness of biological and cultural factors in shaping human behavior, health, and adaptation What is a symbol? Are symbols arbitrary? - RIGHT ANSWER -something verbal or non-verbal that is arbitrarily and by convention stands for something else, with which it has no natural connection What makes humans unique. Hint: Culture produces 3 particular features - RIGHT ANSWER -language, abstract thought and representation, and technological innovation What were lesser races called - RIGHT ANSWER -"wild" and "savages" because they were unfamiliar and had different practices Where do primates live? Where do apes specifically live? - RIGHT ANSWER -Primates live everywhere except most of Antarctica, apes live in central Africa and near the Phillipines. Zhang Qian - RIGHT ANSWER -Zhang Qian- 2nd BCE; diplomat of Han Dynasty, traveled trhouhg Asia, contributed to the development of the Silk Road, extensive travel reports. Zhang Qian Ibn Battuta Herodotus and what they have in common - RIGHT ANSWER -All examples of early ethnography