SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIA
Solution Reactions
Mass solubility Ksp
of compound 914
Salt is placed in water
and slowly begins to solubility
dissolve Emma's gimo
equilibrium
Molar solubility Molar contentration
balt continues to dissolve of compound of ions
but dissolved ionsbegin to
precipitate at the sametime
However solution process comparisons of solubility
Direct comparisons ofthesolubilityof 2
is faster thanprecipitation
formation salts based on their Ksp values can only
be made for salts that have thesame
Intheend rateofsolution cation to anion ratio
rate of precipitation Solutions
is now in equilibrium but factors
affecting solubility
1m ftp.anfonfffhtate if any of theions in the solution equilibrium
are already present inthesolution the
solubility of the salt will
decrease
Solubility Product constant Ksp
Ax sBy xA Cag tyB aq
Effect of pH on Solubility
0 The solubilityof a compound containing
Ksp A 0 B a basicanion theconjugate anion of a weak
acid increases asthesolution increases in acidity
Ksp vs Solubility
solubility
solubility product constant
effect of Basic Anion on solubility
The solubility of a slightly soluble salt
solubilityis theamount of a substance that
containing a
basicanion will increase
dissolves to form a
saffated
solution as Ht increases aspHdecreases
Precipitation Salt whose anion is a conjugate base
of a weak acid
Q Ksp bolutionis supersaturatedand precipitate solubility increases as pH increases
Q Ksp solution is and at equilibrium
saturated Common units for solubility
solution isnotsaturatedand salt dissolves
Q Ksp
, ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
study of the chemistry of carbon Homologeous Series
seriesof compoundsthat onlydiffer
by CHzgroups
physical properties are comparable
Bonding
Vander Waal forcesonly
onepair I LPolar Solubin ftp.ufsoluabie
ii.i.fi in nonpolarsolvents
Isomers
bondiphag
Sigma O singlebond
have same molecular formula butdifferent3D
pi R doublebond
arrangement
Formal charge
Formal charge valence electrons constitutional isomers
lonepair bondingpair same molecular formula but atomsbonded
in different order
E
g CsHiz
Hybridorbitals
Hybrid orbitalsform when atomic orbitals
mix to form neworbitals withequal
Conformers
energies called degenerate orbitals
Theprocess is called hybridisation 3D arrangement
different
of atoms in molecule due to rotation
Hydrocarbons about single bonds
only contain carbonandhydrogen
compoundsthat
hydrocarbons
E.g 5H12
Aromatic Aliphatic
enup
yaryyrbongargp.pro saturated unsaturated
iii
alkanes
IUPAC names
Typeoforganicformlas
Methane Ethane Propane Butane Prefix which groups are attached
to thechain
or in n
i ii iif.in
nn
u
n
how many carbons are in the
future parent
longest continuous chain
1 14 CHU CHIH CHCHCH CH 1H21CH
suffix typeof organic compound
, longest chain Benzene
I
a
m
hexane pentane
When H is lut off
choose chain with most substituent
µ if
H phenyl
w
y
of phenol
not alcohol
Start with numberclosest to 1stsubstituent
1
Cycloalkanes
form
2
HE fi n ne
Eg
substituents groups attached tothemainchain methyl
cyclopentane
skeletal structures
Chacha.CHCH 1 butane
cyclopropyl
C
HH
4H Cyllopropane
Hif Cyclobutane
4h 4H cyclopentane
don't show carbon hydrogen
cyclohexane
when they askyou to determine
molecular formula thendraw with C H
and COUNT Alkyl groups f cut offfrom maingroup
C H alphabetical order
methyl am
iB gr oni I only for ethyl mm
3 carbon c
tertiary sic 9bonds
4 quartery carbon c c propyl um
g
butyl me
i i Fert
larboxyl compound
pentyl mm
Solution Reactions
Mass solubility Ksp
of compound 914
Salt is placed in water
and slowly begins to solubility
dissolve Emma's gimo
equilibrium
Molar solubility Molar contentration
balt continues to dissolve of compound of ions
but dissolved ionsbegin to
precipitate at the sametime
However solution process comparisons of solubility
Direct comparisons ofthesolubilityof 2
is faster thanprecipitation
formation salts based on their Ksp values can only
be made for salts that have thesame
Intheend rateofsolution cation to anion ratio
rate of precipitation Solutions
is now in equilibrium but factors
affecting solubility
1m ftp.anfonfffhtate if any of theions in the solution equilibrium
are already present inthesolution the
solubility of the salt will
decrease
Solubility Product constant Ksp
Ax sBy xA Cag tyB aq
Effect of pH on Solubility
0 The solubilityof a compound containing
Ksp A 0 B a basicanion theconjugate anion of a weak
acid increases asthesolution increases in acidity
Ksp vs Solubility
solubility
solubility product constant
effect of Basic Anion on solubility
The solubility of a slightly soluble salt
solubilityis theamount of a substance that
containing a
basicanion will increase
dissolves to form a
saffated
solution as Ht increases aspHdecreases
Precipitation Salt whose anion is a conjugate base
of a weak acid
Q Ksp bolutionis supersaturatedand precipitate solubility increases as pH increases
Q Ksp solution is and at equilibrium
saturated Common units for solubility
solution isnotsaturatedand salt dissolves
Q Ksp
, ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
study of the chemistry of carbon Homologeous Series
seriesof compoundsthat onlydiffer
by CHzgroups
physical properties are comparable
Bonding
Vander Waal forcesonly
onepair I LPolar Solubin ftp.ufsoluabie
ii.i.fi in nonpolarsolvents
Isomers
bondiphag
Sigma O singlebond
have same molecular formula butdifferent3D
pi R doublebond
arrangement
Formal charge
Formal charge valence electrons constitutional isomers
lonepair bondingpair same molecular formula but atomsbonded
in different order
E
g CsHiz
Hybridorbitals
Hybrid orbitalsform when atomic orbitals
mix to form neworbitals withequal
Conformers
energies called degenerate orbitals
Theprocess is called hybridisation 3D arrangement
different
of atoms in molecule due to rotation
Hydrocarbons about single bonds
only contain carbonandhydrogen
compoundsthat
hydrocarbons
E.g 5H12
Aromatic Aliphatic
enup
yaryyrbongargp.pro saturated unsaturated
iii
alkanes
IUPAC names
Typeoforganicformlas
Methane Ethane Propane Butane Prefix which groups are attached
to thechain
or in n
i ii iif.in
nn
u
n
how many carbons are in the
future parent
longest continuous chain
1 14 CHU CHIH CHCHCH CH 1H21CH
suffix typeof organic compound
, longest chain Benzene
I
a
m
hexane pentane
When H is lut off
choose chain with most substituent
µ if
H phenyl
w
y
of phenol
not alcohol
Start with numberclosest to 1stsubstituent
1
Cycloalkanes
form
2
HE fi n ne
Eg
substituents groups attached tothemainchain methyl
cyclopentane
skeletal structures
Chacha.CHCH 1 butane
cyclopropyl
C
HH
4H Cyllopropane
Hif Cyclobutane
4h 4H cyclopentane
don't show carbon hydrogen
cyclohexane
when they askyou to determine
molecular formula thendraw with C H
and COUNT Alkyl groups f cut offfrom maingroup
C H alphabetical order
methyl am
iB gr oni I only for ethyl mm
3 carbon c
tertiary sic 9bonds
4 quartery carbon c c propyl um
g
butyl me
i i Fert
larboxyl compound
pentyl mm
