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Samenvatting Hoofdstuk 21_fysiologie

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Dit document bevat de samenvatting van hoofdstuk 14 van fysiologie. De samenvattingen zijn gedeeltelijk in het Nederlands geschreven maar ook delen in het Engels. Deze delen zijn gekoppeld aan het handboek.

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Uploaded on
February 24, 2025
Number of pages
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Written in
2023/2024
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CH 21
1.​ GI tract

★​ gastro-intestinaal
★​ long tube (up to 9m)
★​ total surface area: size of a tennis court
★​ segments in line
★​ move nutrients, water, electrolytes
★​ food = macronutrients → digestion needed
★​ stomach turns food and fluids into chyme

= vertering (grote zaken gaan afbreken naar kleine zaken en gebruiken in systeem)
- maag (voeding een brei maken) en speeksel belangrijk
= koolhydraten; vetten; proteïnen

2.​ digestive system anatomy

★​ oral cavity with tongue, teeth, salivary glands
★​ pharynx en oesophagus
★​ stomach: fundus (koepel) - corpus (body) - antrum - pylorus with pyloric valve
★​ small intestine (dunne darm): duodenum (12 vingerige darm) → jejunum (nuchtere
darm) → ileum (kronkeldarm)
★​ accessory organs: pancreas, liver, gallbladder
★​ large intestine (dikke darm): colon (karteldarm) and rectum (endeldarm)
★​ anus with external anal sphincter

2.1 oral cavity

➔​ salivary glands: chemische vertering
-​ 1-1.5 L saliva/ 24h
-​ water mainly; mucus; immunoglobulines (WBC)
-​ enzyme: amylase (starts breakdown CHO: carbohydrate)
-​ pH 6.7-7.5
-​ moisten food (= voedsel zachter maken; bevochtigen; makkelijker voor vertering
(chemische vertering))

- enzymen: dingen kleiner en kapot te maken
- amylase: lange suikerketens gaan knippen voor makkelijk op te nemen door maag

➔​ tongue & teeth: mechanische vertering
-​ mechanical breakdown
-​ tongue aids in chewing
-​ food is studied by taste and temperature sensors (te warm; te koud; giftig)

➔​ pharynx
-​ mutual passage for food, fluids, air
-​ involved in swallowing reflex (slik reflex)

, ➔​ esophagus (slokdarm)
-​ passes food from mouth to stomach
-​ 25 cm long; 2 cm wide
-​ upper ⅓ skeletal muscle walls; last ⅔ smooth muscle walls
= eten helpen duwen naar beneden (geholpen door de zwaartekracht; dus niet gaan liggen
na het eten)
-​ 2 sphincters (upper and lower)

2.2 stomach
-​ temporary storage of food: maagzuur: eten afbreken samen met enzymen; afbreken
tot brei
-​ mechanical breakdown of food
-​ chemical breakdown of lesions in food by acids and enzymes
-​ production of intrinsic factor; necessary for the absorption of vit B12 in small intestine
→ vit B12: niet herkent; niet wordt opgenomen en tekort aan hebt
-​ chyme: maag brei
-​ protection: voorbij speeksel (toch nog bescherming); darmen grootste opname (geen
bacteriën terecht)

3.​ small intestine
→ 2.5-4.0 diameter
→ duodenum (12 vingerige darm): 20-25 cm
→ jejunum (nuchtere darm)
→ ileum (kronkeldarm)
→ pancreas; liver: accessory glandular organs
→ pancreas ends in the duodenum (sphincter of Oddi)

→ much of the digestion and absorption
→ nutrients and minerals
→ support body immune system (Peyer's patches: leger WBC)

4.​ digestive system anatomy

➔​ large intestine (1m)
-​ starts after the ileum (ileocecal valve)
-​ 7 regions
→ cecum with appendix
→ ascending colon
→ transverse colon
→ descending colon
→ sigmoid colon
→ rectum
→ anus

-​ slow progress in colon
-​ water absorption
-​ absorption of vitamins created by gut flora
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