Logical Fallacies [Test] Exam
Questions and Answers 100% Passs
Appeal to probability - ✔✔assumes that because something could happen, it is
inevitable that it will happen.
"It doesn't matter if I get myself into debt. If I play the lottery enough, I will win the
jackpot, and then I can pay off all my debts."
Argument from fallacy - ✔✔assumes that if an argument for some conclusion is
fallacious, then the conclusion itself is false.
" Tom: OK — I'll prove I'm English — I speak English so that proves it.
Bill: But Americans and Canadians, among others, speak English too. You have
committed the package-deal fallacy, assuming that speaking English and being English
always go together. That means you are not English. "
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,Conjunction fallacy - ✔✔assumption that an outcome simultaneously satisfying
multiple conditions is more probable than an outcome satisfying a single one of them.
The probability of two events occurring together (in "conjunction") is always less than
or equal to the probability of either one occurring alone
Masked man fallacy (illicit substitution of identicals) - ✔✔the substitution of identical
designators in a true statement can lead to a false one.
"I know who my father is. I do not know who the thief is. Therefore, my father is not the
thief."
Affirming a disjunct - ✔✔concluded that one logical disjunction must be false because
the other disjunct is true; A or B; A; therefore not B.
" The car is red or the car is large.
The car is red.
Therefore, the car is not large."
Affirming the consequent - ✔✔the antecedent in an indicative conditional is claimed to
be true because the consequent is true; if A, then B; B, therefore A.
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, " If I have the flu, then I have a sore throat.
I have a sore throat.
Therefore, I have the flu. "
Denying the antecedent - ✔✔the consequent in an indicative conditional is claimed to
be false because the antecedent is false; if A, then B; not A, therefore not B.
If Queen Elizabeth is an American citizen, then she is a human being.
Queen Elizabeth is not an American citizen.
Therefore, Queen Elizabeth is not a human being.
Existential fallacy - ✔✔an argument has two universal premises and a particular
conclusion.
All unicorns are animals.
Therefore, some animals are unicorns.
Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise (illicit negative) - ✔✔when a
categorical syllogism has a positive conclusion, but at least one negative premise.
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Questions and Answers 100% Passs
Appeal to probability - ✔✔assumes that because something could happen, it is
inevitable that it will happen.
"It doesn't matter if I get myself into debt. If I play the lottery enough, I will win the
jackpot, and then I can pay off all my debts."
Argument from fallacy - ✔✔assumes that if an argument for some conclusion is
fallacious, then the conclusion itself is false.
" Tom: OK — I'll prove I'm English — I speak English so that proves it.
Bill: But Americans and Canadians, among others, speak English too. You have
committed the package-deal fallacy, assuming that speaking English and being English
always go together. That means you are not English. "
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,Conjunction fallacy - ✔✔assumption that an outcome simultaneously satisfying
multiple conditions is more probable than an outcome satisfying a single one of them.
The probability of two events occurring together (in "conjunction") is always less than
or equal to the probability of either one occurring alone
Masked man fallacy (illicit substitution of identicals) - ✔✔the substitution of identical
designators in a true statement can lead to a false one.
"I know who my father is. I do not know who the thief is. Therefore, my father is not the
thief."
Affirming a disjunct - ✔✔concluded that one logical disjunction must be false because
the other disjunct is true; A or B; A; therefore not B.
" The car is red or the car is large.
The car is red.
Therefore, the car is not large."
Affirming the consequent - ✔✔the antecedent in an indicative conditional is claimed to
be true because the consequent is true; if A, then B; B, therefore A.
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, " If I have the flu, then I have a sore throat.
I have a sore throat.
Therefore, I have the flu. "
Denying the antecedent - ✔✔the consequent in an indicative conditional is claimed to
be false because the antecedent is false; if A, then B; not A, therefore not B.
If Queen Elizabeth is an American citizen, then she is a human being.
Queen Elizabeth is not an American citizen.
Therefore, Queen Elizabeth is not a human being.
Existential fallacy - ✔✔an argument has two universal premises and a particular
conclusion.
All unicorns are animals.
Therefore, some animals are unicorns.
Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise (illicit negative) - ✔✔when a
categorical syllogism has a positive conclusion, but at least one negative premise.
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