BIOL1500 - Final Exam Review
Questions and Answers 100% Pass
what properties of water enable life-giving properties - ✔✔cohesion, ability to moderate
temp, expansion upon freezing (lower density of ice - floats), and versatility as a solvent
what is cohesion - ✔✔high surface tension, attraction between molecules of the same
type
what is adhesion of water - ✔✔attraction of water molecules to different substances
(water and plant cell walls)
what is the property of water that allows it to move up a tree - ✔✔cohesion and
adhesion
what are the types of hydrogen bonds formed by water - ✔✔covalent and hydrogen
what are covalent bonds - ✔✔sharing of electrons; hold together hydrogen and oxygen
of individual water molecules
what are hydrogen bonds in water - ✔✔partial negative charge on oxygen of one
molecule attracts the partial positive charge on hydrogen of another molecule
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,properties of acids - ✔✔pH lower than 7; accept electrons; higher concentration of
hydrogen ions
properties of bases - ✔✔pH greater than 7; donates electron pairs; lower concentration
of hydrogen atoms
what are the major elements of life - ✔✔C, H, O, N, S, P
what are valence electrons - ✔✔the number of unpaired electrons in an electron shell
what are atoms that differ in electrons - ✔✔ions
what are atoms that differ in neutrons - ✔✔isotopes
what are atoms that differ in protons - ✔✔different elements
what is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds - ✔✔ionic - transfers electrons
and covalent - shares electrons
what are the different types of isomers - ✔✔structural, cis-trans, and enantiomers
what is a structural isomer - ✔✔same chemical formula but different shape
what is a cis-trans isomer - ✔✔isomers that have functional groups on opposite sides
what is an enantiomer isomer - ✔✔mirror image of each other
what are the names of the different functional groups - ✔✔hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl,
phosphate, sulfhydryl, and amino group
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,what is a hydroxyl group composed of - ✔✔OH
what is a carboxyl group composed of - ✔✔COOH (combo of hydroxyl and carbonyl)
what is a carbonyl group composed of - ✔✔CO (double bonded)
what is an amino group composed of - ✔✔NH2
what is a sulfhydryl group composed of - ✔✔SH or HS (thiol)
what is a phosphate group composed of - ✔✔OPO3 or PO4 (found in nucleic acids,
ATP, and DNA)
what are the four macromolecules - ✔✔carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids
what are carbohydrates - ✔✔sugars and polymers of sugars
what are monomers and polymers of carbohydrates - ✔✔monosaccharides and
polysaccharides
what is the most common sugar - ✔✔glucose (C6H12O6)
what is the function of carbohydrates - ✔✔provide and store energy
what is the covalent bond between two monosaccharides called - ✔✔glycosidic linkages
how are monosaccharides linked together - ✔✔dehydration synthesis
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, what is the role of polysaccharides - ✔✔storage and structure
what are examples of carbohydrates and its functions - ✔✔cellulose (in plant cell walls),
starch (stores polysaccharides in plants), glycogen (storage in animals), and chitin
(structural polysaccharides in insect exoskeletons)
what are lipids - ✔✔fats, oils, and waxes
what is the function of lipids - ✔✔energy storage, insulation and protection, regulation,
and transport
what are phospholipids - ✔✔two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a
glycerol (tails are hydrophobic and phosphate group is hydrophilic)
what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids - ✔✔saturated has
max # of hydrogen atoms and no double bonds; unsaturated has one or more double
bonds
what are steroids - ✔✔lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton made of four fused
rings
what is a fatty acid made up of - ✔✔carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
are saturated or unsaturated fats solid or liquid at room temperature - ✔✔saturated is
solid (animal fats) and unsaturated is liquid (plant and fish fats)
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Questions and Answers 100% Pass
what properties of water enable life-giving properties - ✔✔cohesion, ability to moderate
temp, expansion upon freezing (lower density of ice - floats), and versatility as a solvent
what is cohesion - ✔✔high surface tension, attraction between molecules of the same
type
what is adhesion of water - ✔✔attraction of water molecules to different substances
(water and plant cell walls)
what is the property of water that allows it to move up a tree - ✔✔cohesion and
adhesion
what are the types of hydrogen bonds formed by water - ✔✔covalent and hydrogen
what are covalent bonds - ✔✔sharing of electrons; hold together hydrogen and oxygen
of individual water molecules
what are hydrogen bonds in water - ✔✔partial negative charge on oxygen of one
molecule attracts the partial positive charge on hydrogen of another molecule
100% Pass Guarantee Sophia Bennett, All Rights Reserved © 2025 1
,properties of acids - ✔✔pH lower than 7; accept electrons; higher concentration of
hydrogen ions
properties of bases - ✔✔pH greater than 7; donates electron pairs; lower concentration
of hydrogen atoms
what are the major elements of life - ✔✔C, H, O, N, S, P
what are valence electrons - ✔✔the number of unpaired electrons in an electron shell
what are atoms that differ in electrons - ✔✔ions
what are atoms that differ in neutrons - ✔✔isotopes
what are atoms that differ in protons - ✔✔different elements
what is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds - ✔✔ionic - transfers electrons
and covalent - shares electrons
what are the different types of isomers - ✔✔structural, cis-trans, and enantiomers
what is a structural isomer - ✔✔same chemical formula but different shape
what is a cis-trans isomer - ✔✔isomers that have functional groups on opposite sides
what is an enantiomer isomer - ✔✔mirror image of each other
what are the names of the different functional groups - ✔✔hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl,
phosphate, sulfhydryl, and amino group
100% Pass Guarantee Sophia Bennett, All Rights Reserved © 2025 2
,what is a hydroxyl group composed of - ✔✔OH
what is a carboxyl group composed of - ✔✔COOH (combo of hydroxyl and carbonyl)
what is a carbonyl group composed of - ✔✔CO (double bonded)
what is an amino group composed of - ✔✔NH2
what is a sulfhydryl group composed of - ✔✔SH or HS (thiol)
what is a phosphate group composed of - ✔✔OPO3 or PO4 (found in nucleic acids,
ATP, and DNA)
what are the four macromolecules - ✔✔carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids
what are carbohydrates - ✔✔sugars and polymers of sugars
what are monomers and polymers of carbohydrates - ✔✔monosaccharides and
polysaccharides
what is the most common sugar - ✔✔glucose (C6H12O6)
what is the function of carbohydrates - ✔✔provide and store energy
what is the covalent bond between two monosaccharides called - ✔✔glycosidic linkages
how are monosaccharides linked together - ✔✔dehydration synthesis
100% Pass Guarantee Sophia Bennett, All Rights Reserved © 2025 3
, what is the role of polysaccharides - ✔✔storage and structure
what are examples of carbohydrates and its functions - ✔✔cellulose (in plant cell walls),
starch (stores polysaccharides in plants), glycogen (storage in animals), and chitin
(structural polysaccharides in insect exoskeletons)
what are lipids - ✔✔fats, oils, and waxes
what is the function of lipids - ✔✔energy storage, insulation and protection, regulation,
and transport
what are phospholipids - ✔✔two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a
glycerol (tails are hydrophobic and phosphate group is hydrophilic)
what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids - ✔✔saturated has
max # of hydrogen atoms and no double bonds; unsaturated has one or more double
bonds
what are steroids - ✔✔lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton made of four fused
rings
what is a fatty acid made up of - ✔✔carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
are saturated or unsaturated fats solid or liquid at room temperature - ✔✔saturated is
solid (animal fats) and unsaturated is liquid (plant and fish fats)
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