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Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1 2024/2025 Exam Comprehensive Questions and Verified Answers | Accurate Solutions | Get it 100% Correct!! | Already Graded A+ Atrophy -

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  • February 24, 2025
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  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
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Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1 2024/2025
Exam Comprehensive Questions and
Verified Answers | Accurate Solutions |
Get it 100% Correct!! | Already Graded
A+


Atrophy - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E. Cells decrease in size

P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.

Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles,

reducing structural components of cell

Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood

Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use,

blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)

Hyperplasia - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell

division) must occur, size of cell does not change

Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or

partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic

Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased

hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth

factors


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,Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine

or mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy

Dysplasia - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change

in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)

P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth.

aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation

Physiologic: N/A

Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap

smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells

of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx

Metaplasia - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E: reversible change, one type of cell changes

to another type for survival

P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury,

or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a

reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth

factors

Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or

normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by

stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal




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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVE

,squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux,

aka intestinal metaplasia

Hypoxia injury - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues

P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP

increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.

C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy

Free radical and ROS - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E. normal byproduct of ATP

production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular

antioxidants

P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA

C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Ethanol - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver

and nutritional status

P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals

C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,

inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver

failure irreversible




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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVE

, Oncosis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling.

Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with

high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections

Fatty Infiltration - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔intracellular accumulation of lipids in the

liver

liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead

to cirrhosis

dystrophic calcification - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔accumulation of Ca in dead or

dying tissues

calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function

r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis

metastatic calcification - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔accumulation of Ca in normal

tissue

result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic

levels of Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure

urate accumulation - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔sodium urate crystals are deposited in

tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic

gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis




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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVE

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