Advanced Patho-Altered Cellular
Function and Cancer(Study Guide)
2024/2025 Exam All Answers and
Illustrations Given
Atrophy - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E: cells shrink P: mechanism not completely
understood, but believed to be an imbalance between protein synthesis
and degradation. Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of
intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell Ex:
decrease in muscle size from inactivity
Hypertrophy - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E: cells increase in size P: Caused by
hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand, which increased the
cellular protein in the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum,
myofilaments, and mitochondria (not cellular fluid) Ex: L ventricular
hypertrophy
Hyperplasia - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E: cells increase in number, mitosis must
occur size of cell does not change P: increased rate of division, increase in
tissue mass after damage or partial resection Ex: remove part of liver, liver
regenerates
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,Dysplasia - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E: cells abnormal changes in shape, size,
organization P: caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered
cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer Ex:pap smears often
show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E: reversible change, one type of cell changes
to another type for survival P: results from exposure of the cells to chronic
stressors, injury, or irritation Ex: Columnar cells change to squamous cells
in lungs of smoker
Atrophy - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Physiologic: shrinking of thymus during
childhoodPathologic: -paralyzed person, skeletal muscle atrophy-occurs as
result of decrease in workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition,
hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation
Hypertrophy - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Physiologic:skeletal muscle hypertrophy for
persons doing heavy work/weight lifting. one kidney removed, the other
kidney increases in size to accommodate for
workloadPathologic:Cardiomegaly results from HTN or heart valve
problems
Hyperplasia - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Physiologic: removal of part of the liver lead
to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland enlargement
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY 2
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVE
, during pregnancy Pathologic:abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually
caused by increased hormonal stimulation. increase of production of local
growth factors
Dysplasia - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Physiologic:Is not a true adaptive process
Pathologic:Dysplastic cells of cervix found on Pap smear.
Metaplasia - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Physiologic: Barrett Esophagus- normal
squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux,
aka intestinal metaplasia Pathologic: Smokers- normal ciliated epithelial
cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial
cells. Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming
of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth factors
Hypoxic Injury - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Etiology:decreased O2,loss of Hgb or Hgb
function, decreased RBC production, disease of heart/lungs, ischemia
Clinical Manifestations: ischemia which progresses to hypoxia. Intracellular
enzymes as follows: CK-most muscle cells, including heart,LDH- muscle
cells, liver cells, heart cells, RBCs, brain,AST- liver cells,ALT- liver cells
Troponin- cardiac cells Patho: lack of O2 causes decrease in mitochondrial
function, causing decrease ATP production and increases anaerobic
metabolism (generating ATP from glycogen), eventually anaerobic
metabolism will stop and the cell will die. Reduction of ATP impairs Na/K
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY 3
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVE
Function and Cancer(Study Guide)
2024/2025 Exam All Answers and
Illustrations Given
Atrophy - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E: cells shrink P: mechanism not completely
understood, but believed to be an imbalance between protein synthesis
and degradation. Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of
intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell Ex:
decrease in muscle size from inactivity
Hypertrophy - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E: cells increase in size P: Caused by
hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand, which increased the
cellular protein in the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum,
myofilaments, and mitochondria (not cellular fluid) Ex: L ventricular
hypertrophy
Hyperplasia - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E: cells increase in number, mitosis must
occur size of cell does not change P: increased rate of division, increase in
tissue mass after damage or partial resection Ex: remove part of liver, liver
regenerates
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY 1
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVE
,Dysplasia - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E: cells abnormal changes in shape, size,
organization P: caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered
cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer Ex:pap smears often
show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E: reversible change, one type of cell changes
to another type for survival P: results from exposure of the cells to chronic
stressors, injury, or irritation Ex: Columnar cells change to squamous cells
in lungs of smoker
Atrophy - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Physiologic: shrinking of thymus during
childhoodPathologic: -paralyzed person, skeletal muscle atrophy-occurs as
result of decrease in workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition,
hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation
Hypertrophy - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Physiologic:skeletal muscle hypertrophy for
persons doing heavy work/weight lifting. one kidney removed, the other
kidney increases in size to accommodate for
workloadPathologic:Cardiomegaly results from HTN or heart valve
problems
Hyperplasia - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Physiologic: removal of part of the liver lead
to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland enlargement
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY 2
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVE
, during pregnancy Pathologic:abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually
caused by increased hormonal stimulation. increase of production of local
growth factors
Dysplasia - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Physiologic:Is not a true adaptive process
Pathologic:Dysplastic cells of cervix found on Pap smear.
Metaplasia - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Physiologic: Barrett Esophagus- normal
squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux,
aka intestinal metaplasia Pathologic: Smokers- normal ciliated epithelial
cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial
cells. Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming
of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth factors
Hypoxic Injury - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Etiology:decreased O2,loss of Hgb or Hgb
function, decreased RBC production, disease of heart/lungs, ischemia
Clinical Manifestations: ischemia which progresses to hypoxia. Intracellular
enzymes as follows: CK-most muscle cells, including heart,LDH- muscle
cells, liver cells, heart cells, RBCs, brain,AST- liver cells,ALT- liver cells
Troponin- cardiac cells Patho: lack of O2 causes decrease in mitochondrial
function, causing decrease ATP production and increases anaerobic
metabolism (generating ATP from glycogen), eventually anaerobic
metabolism will stop and the cell will die. Reduction of ATP impairs Na/K
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY 3
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVE
