SOCIOLOGY (NATURAL SCIENCE)
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
According to Karl Popper, good science relies on the principle of falsification. This
means that ____. - ANSWER-scientific theories must be stated in such a way that make
explicit what facts would disprove them
Scientific thinking requires that if you discover evidence that contradicts a previously
held belief or assumption, then you ____. - ANSWER-should be willing to revise your
beliefs
When an individual is confused and/or unsure of the social norms to follow, they fit with
Durkheim's definition of experiencing ____. - ANSWER-anomie
The collection of all beliefs, morals, and ideas that are the "social facts" in a given
society is known as ____. - ANSWER-collective consciousness
Durkheim saw society as a(n) ____. - ANSWER-an organism, with parts that served
different functions
Christmas is a "social fact" in the US because ____. - ANSWER-it shapes our behavior,
such as gift-buying, even if we aren't particularly religious ourselves or don't want to
participate in gift exchanges
According to Marx, humans need society in order to survive and prosper in the natural
world. But society tends to be organized in ways that ____. - ANSWER-produce
economic inequalities
The main emphasis of Karl Marx was to understand how social change was driven by
____. - ANSWER-changes in material conditions, such as the economy
A key dilemma for Marxist theory is how the bourgesoisie (the capitalist class) manages
to stay in power, since Marx argues that the workers (who are the majority) should rise
up against the capitalists (who are a minority). The Italian theorist Antonio Gramsci
developed the concept of "hegemony" to suggest that ____. - ANSWER-capitalism is
supported by a dominant, all-pervasive cultural set of ideas that legitimizes the capitalist
system
Marx emphasized different elements of production (the economy). The "RELATIONS of
production" include ____. - ANSWER-how people organize themselves around labor
, One of Dubois' key ideas is the concept of "double consciousness," defined as ____. -
ANSWER-the reality that black Americans have two competing identities: as an
American an as a black person living in white-centric America (as an "other")
W.E.B. Dubois helped redefine how sociologists study race. Today, sociologists define
race as ____. - ANSWER-a socially constructed category of people, who share
biological traits that society has deemed important
Race-conflict theory tends to assume that ____. - ANSWER-social and economic
inequalities between different races is a defining feature of a society
Based on his study of African-Americans in Philadelphia, Dubois concluded that the
problems facing African-Americans were caused by ____. - ANSWER-restricted access
to education and higher paying jobs
According to the concept of ____ we can't understand the plight of a black woman
based on race alone; we must focus also on other factors, such as gender, age, and
occupation. - ANSWER-intersectionality
People who describe themselves as "feminists" ____. - ANSWER-support social
equality among genders
Gender conflict theory ____. - ANSWER-applies the general concepts of conflict theory
to gender relations
For sociologists, sex and gender have distinct meanings. Sex is ____, while gender is
____. - ANSWER-biological distinctions between male and female; personality traits
and social roles that are socially defined
Unlike Karl Marx, Max Weber argued that the transition from traditional to modern
society was ____. - ANSWER-changes in the way we think about the world
According to Max Weber, the most important event for modernization and the rise of
capitalism was ____. - ANSWER-the Protestant Reformation
Max Weber was optimistic about the future and saw rationalization and
bureaucratization as a solution to all our social problems. - ANSWER-False
When Max Weber argued that a modern bureaucracy is defined by being "impersonal,"
he meant that ____. - ANSWER-bureaucrats follow the established rules impartially,
regardless of your individual personal characteristics
The ability to see how individuals and their behaviors make up part of a larger social
pattern
is ____. - ANSWER-sociological imagination
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
According to Karl Popper, good science relies on the principle of falsification. This
means that ____. - ANSWER-scientific theories must be stated in such a way that make
explicit what facts would disprove them
Scientific thinking requires that if you discover evidence that contradicts a previously
held belief or assumption, then you ____. - ANSWER-should be willing to revise your
beliefs
When an individual is confused and/or unsure of the social norms to follow, they fit with
Durkheim's definition of experiencing ____. - ANSWER-anomie
The collection of all beliefs, morals, and ideas that are the "social facts" in a given
society is known as ____. - ANSWER-collective consciousness
Durkheim saw society as a(n) ____. - ANSWER-an organism, with parts that served
different functions
Christmas is a "social fact" in the US because ____. - ANSWER-it shapes our behavior,
such as gift-buying, even if we aren't particularly religious ourselves or don't want to
participate in gift exchanges
According to Marx, humans need society in order to survive and prosper in the natural
world. But society tends to be organized in ways that ____. - ANSWER-produce
economic inequalities
The main emphasis of Karl Marx was to understand how social change was driven by
____. - ANSWER-changes in material conditions, such as the economy
A key dilemma for Marxist theory is how the bourgesoisie (the capitalist class) manages
to stay in power, since Marx argues that the workers (who are the majority) should rise
up against the capitalists (who are a minority). The Italian theorist Antonio Gramsci
developed the concept of "hegemony" to suggest that ____. - ANSWER-capitalism is
supported by a dominant, all-pervasive cultural set of ideas that legitimizes the capitalist
system
Marx emphasized different elements of production (the economy). The "RELATIONS of
production" include ____. - ANSWER-how people organize themselves around labor
, One of Dubois' key ideas is the concept of "double consciousness," defined as ____. -
ANSWER-the reality that black Americans have two competing identities: as an
American an as a black person living in white-centric America (as an "other")
W.E.B. Dubois helped redefine how sociologists study race. Today, sociologists define
race as ____. - ANSWER-a socially constructed category of people, who share
biological traits that society has deemed important
Race-conflict theory tends to assume that ____. - ANSWER-social and economic
inequalities between different races is a defining feature of a society
Based on his study of African-Americans in Philadelphia, Dubois concluded that the
problems facing African-Americans were caused by ____. - ANSWER-restricted access
to education and higher paying jobs
According to the concept of ____ we can't understand the plight of a black woman
based on race alone; we must focus also on other factors, such as gender, age, and
occupation. - ANSWER-intersectionality
People who describe themselves as "feminists" ____. - ANSWER-support social
equality among genders
Gender conflict theory ____. - ANSWER-applies the general concepts of conflict theory
to gender relations
For sociologists, sex and gender have distinct meanings. Sex is ____, while gender is
____. - ANSWER-biological distinctions between male and female; personality traits
and social roles that are socially defined
Unlike Karl Marx, Max Weber argued that the transition from traditional to modern
society was ____. - ANSWER-changes in the way we think about the world
According to Max Weber, the most important event for modernization and the rise of
capitalism was ____. - ANSWER-the Protestant Reformation
Max Weber was optimistic about the future and saw rationalization and
bureaucratization as a solution to all our social problems. - ANSWER-False
When Max Weber argued that a modern bureaucracy is defined by being "impersonal,"
he meant that ____. - ANSWER-bureaucrats follow the established rules impartially,
regardless of your individual personal characteristics
The ability to see how individuals and their behaviors make up part of a larger social
pattern
is ____. - ANSWER-sociological imagination
