How do cells get energy in the absence of oxygen?

Advanced Pathophysiology 2025 Midterm Exam - Actual Exam and Practice Questions and approved answers Aldosterone - : is produced as a result of the renin-angiotensin mechanism, acts to regulate fluid volume. angiostensin II stimulated the adrenal gland to release aldosterone, aldosterone causes the kidney to retain sodium and water. ADH - when the hypothalamus sense low blood volume, it signal the pituitary gland to secrete ADH into the blood, then the kidney retain water and reduce diuresis How is thirst controlled? - It is regulated by the hypothalamus, stimulated by an increase in extracellular fluid and drying of the mucous membrane What are signs and symptoms of dehydration? - confusion, tachycardia, subnormal temperature The concentration of sodium in the solution nearly equals the concentration of sodium in the blood - isotonic The concentration of solutes in the solution is greater than the concentration in the patient's blood. Water is pulled out of the cell so cell shrink. - hypertonic The concentration of sodium in the solution is less than the concentration of sodium in the patient's blood. Water is pulled into the cell and the cell burst - hypotonic Normotonic - refers to the loss of a fluid roughly equivalent to normal plasma ex. sweat Are cell signaling molecules that aid cell to cell communication in immune responses and stimulate the movement of cells towards sites of inflammation, infection and trauma. Mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. Cytokines are chemicals transmitted within and between cells to control and regulate cell growth. - cytokines How do cells get energy in the absence of oxygen? - If ATP is being generated without oxygen it is called anaerobic metabolism. Cells can produce ATP w/out oxygen through alcohol fermentation or lactic acid fermentation Properties of muscle cells - Electrical excitability, Contractility, extensibility, elasticity Excitability - ability to respond to stimuli Contractility - ability to shorten Extensibility - Ability to length Elasticity - it can be stretch or contract and it will return to the resting length once the stimulus is removed Is an increase in the number of cells caused by an increased rate of cellular division? - hyperplasia Is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type? - metaplasia Is an abnormal change in the size, shape, and organization of mature tissue cells? Example: chronic infection of the cervix by the human papillomavirus - dysplasia A condition of cells in which they have poor cellular differentiation, losing the morphological characteristics of mature cells and their orientation with respect to each other and to endothelial cells. - anaplasia Is a decrease in cellular size? - atrophy Hypertrophy - Increase in cell size Is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms? - apoptosis