Chapter 8:
Intellectual Standards
1. Clarity- clarify in spoken or written words (evidence based and has outlines)
2. Accuracy- marking surgical site with permanent marker before incision
3. Precision- do not take shortcuts and ask for more specific details
4. Relevance- determine which is relevant to the particular assessment (how decisions relate
to the problem at hand)
5. Depth- look at complexity of situation to determine route cause
6. Breadth- look at numerous perspectives (feelings of other members should be considered)
7. Logic- follow proper steps (conclusions are arrived from evidence)
8. Significance- Stopping transfusion is more significant than calling the provider
9. Fairness- willingness to change for the better
Review of Literature
1. Consider source
2. Review the author’s credentials
3. Review central thesis
4. Review the organization and methodology
5. Review evidence
6. Evaluate (if article is sufficiently valid)
Human Growth and Development
Stages of Growth and Development
• Human growth and development are continuous and complex.
• Stages are typically organized by age groups.
• Growth and development are based on timing and sequence of developmental tasks
Human development begins with conception which marks the beginning of prenatal
development. Prenatal development is followed by newborn, infancy, childhood, adolescence,
adulthood, and late adulthood stages
Each stage of development between conception and late adulthood is characterized by unique
physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that define each stage.
During prenatal development and soon after birth, infants begin to recognize their mother by
smell and sound, which sets the stage for an attachment relationship
Intrauterine Life (1min AND 5 min after birth= assess baby if they are doing well)
• Gestation (pregnancy) stages:
- Preembryonic stage = First 14 days
- Embryonic stage = Day 15 through week 8
- Fetal stage = End of week 8 until birth
Full-term pregnancy
- Lasts 40 weeks Divided into trimesters
, - Count respirations for a full minute; the neonate’s respiratory rate generally ranges
between 30 and 60 breaths per minute.
- Take an apical pulse for a full minute; it typically ranges from 110 to 160 beats/min in
the newborn.
- The average newborn blood pressure is 60 to 80 mm Hg systolic and 40 to 50 mm Hg
diastolic.
• Placenta development
• Teratogens
- Physical agents, infections, drugs, metabolic conditions
- Hyperthermia, uncontrolled glucose level, rubella, smoking
- Virus
Universal Principles of Human Growth and Development
Universal Principle Description
Cephalocaudal principle Human development follows a head-to-toe progression. Infants gain
control over their neck and head before they can control their
extremities.
Proximodorsal principle Human development progresses from the center of the body in an
outward direction. The spine develops first, followed by extremities,
then fingers and toes.
Simple to complex Human development evolves in an orderly fashion from simple to
complex. Infants accomplish head control before they are able to
crawl.
Continuous process Human development is a continuous process characterized by periods
of growth spurts and periods of slow and steady growth.
General to specific Human development occurs from large muscle movement to more
refined muscle movements.
Individualized rates Human development varies from individual to individual. Each person
has their own growth timetable and rate of development.
Health Promotion During Pregnancy
• Diet has significant effect on fetal development (prenatal vitamins) (no smoking;
anything the mom does affects the fetus)
• Pregnancy includes physiological, cognitive, and emotional changes, accompanied by
stress and anxiety
• Maternal age impacts fetus
• Physiological changes can bring discomfort to mother
• Educate the mother on maternal and fetal health
,Transition from Intrauterine to Extrauterine Life
• The transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life requires profound physiological
changes in the newborn and occurs during the first 24 hours of life.
• Physical changes
- Apgar score
- Nursing interventions
• Psychosocial changes
- Attachment
, Apgar Scoring: By Virginia Apgar 1952 (anesthesiologist from New York Presby)
• At one minute and five minutes after birth, the newborn is assessed and scored based
on color, heart rate, reflexes, muscle tone, and respiration.
• Each trait is scored as 0, 1, or 2, then added together to yield the overall Apgar score.
• The highest (best) possible score is 10, but a score of 7 or higher is considered normal.
• Apgar scores may vary and are influenced by gestational age, birth weight, maternal
medication or anesthesia use, and congenital anomalies.
• Less than 7 is considered abnormal
Scenario:
if baby is not breathing d/t fluid in lungs (fluid in womb can go into lung) = respiratory issues
INTERVENTION: Suction and clear respiratory area of baby
Blue= 0
Newborn
• The neonatal period is the first 28 days of life (newborn, preschool, school age, toddler
practices are hint for exam) (engage 2.0)
• Physical changes: check weight, head and chest circumferences, VS
- Nursing assessment
- Normal physical characteristics
- Neurological function assessment (crying) (reflexes)
- Normal behavioral characteristics
• Sleeping – 14-16 hours of sleep (long period)
- Newborns sleep as much as 20 hours per day; however, by the end of the first year,
the infant will sleep only approximately 12 hours per day.
Intellectual Standards
1. Clarity- clarify in spoken or written words (evidence based and has outlines)
2. Accuracy- marking surgical site with permanent marker before incision
3. Precision- do not take shortcuts and ask for more specific details
4. Relevance- determine which is relevant to the particular assessment (how decisions relate
to the problem at hand)
5. Depth- look at complexity of situation to determine route cause
6. Breadth- look at numerous perspectives (feelings of other members should be considered)
7. Logic- follow proper steps (conclusions are arrived from evidence)
8. Significance- Stopping transfusion is more significant than calling the provider
9. Fairness- willingness to change for the better
Review of Literature
1. Consider source
2. Review the author’s credentials
3. Review central thesis
4. Review the organization and methodology
5. Review evidence
6. Evaluate (if article is sufficiently valid)
Human Growth and Development
Stages of Growth and Development
• Human growth and development are continuous and complex.
• Stages are typically organized by age groups.
• Growth and development are based on timing and sequence of developmental tasks
Human development begins with conception which marks the beginning of prenatal
development. Prenatal development is followed by newborn, infancy, childhood, adolescence,
adulthood, and late adulthood stages
Each stage of development between conception and late adulthood is characterized by unique
physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that define each stage.
During prenatal development and soon after birth, infants begin to recognize their mother by
smell and sound, which sets the stage for an attachment relationship
Intrauterine Life (1min AND 5 min after birth= assess baby if they are doing well)
• Gestation (pregnancy) stages:
- Preembryonic stage = First 14 days
- Embryonic stage = Day 15 through week 8
- Fetal stage = End of week 8 until birth
Full-term pregnancy
- Lasts 40 weeks Divided into trimesters
, - Count respirations for a full minute; the neonate’s respiratory rate generally ranges
between 30 and 60 breaths per minute.
- Take an apical pulse for a full minute; it typically ranges from 110 to 160 beats/min in
the newborn.
- The average newborn blood pressure is 60 to 80 mm Hg systolic and 40 to 50 mm Hg
diastolic.
• Placenta development
• Teratogens
- Physical agents, infections, drugs, metabolic conditions
- Hyperthermia, uncontrolled glucose level, rubella, smoking
- Virus
Universal Principles of Human Growth and Development
Universal Principle Description
Cephalocaudal principle Human development follows a head-to-toe progression. Infants gain
control over their neck and head before they can control their
extremities.
Proximodorsal principle Human development progresses from the center of the body in an
outward direction. The spine develops first, followed by extremities,
then fingers and toes.
Simple to complex Human development evolves in an orderly fashion from simple to
complex. Infants accomplish head control before they are able to
crawl.
Continuous process Human development is a continuous process characterized by periods
of growth spurts and periods of slow and steady growth.
General to specific Human development occurs from large muscle movement to more
refined muscle movements.
Individualized rates Human development varies from individual to individual. Each person
has their own growth timetable and rate of development.
Health Promotion During Pregnancy
• Diet has significant effect on fetal development (prenatal vitamins) (no smoking;
anything the mom does affects the fetus)
• Pregnancy includes physiological, cognitive, and emotional changes, accompanied by
stress and anxiety
• Maternal age impacts fetus
• Physiological changes can bring discomfort to mother
• Educate the mother on maternal and fetal health
,Transition from Intrauterine to Extrauterine Life
• The transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life requires profound physiological
changes in the newborn and occurs during the first 24 hours of life.
• Physical changes
- Apgar score
- Nursing interventions
• Psychosocial changes
- Attachment
, Apgar Scoring: By Virginia Apgar 1952 (anesthesiologist from New York Presby)
• At one minute and five minutes after birth, the newborn is assessed and scored based
on color, heart rate, reflexes, muscle tone, and respiration.
• Each trait is scored as 0, 1, or 2, then added together to yield the overall Apgar score.
• The highest (best) possible score is 10, but a score of 7 or higher is considered normal.
• Apgar scores may vary and are influenced by gestational age, birth weight, maternal
medication or anesthesia use, and congenital anomalies.
• Less than 7 is considered abnormal
Scenario:
if baby is not breathing d/t fluid in lungs (fluid in womb can go into lung) = respiratory issues
INTERVENTION: Suction and clear respiratory area of baby
Blue= 0
Newborn
• The neonatal period is the first 28 days of life (newborn, preschool, school age, toddler
practices are hint for exam) (engage 2.0)
• Physical changes: check weight, head and chest circumferences, VS
- Nursing assessment
- Normal physical characteristics
- Neurological function assessment (crying) (reflexes)
- Normal behavioral characteristics
• Sleeping – 14-16 hours of sleep (long period)
- Newborns sleep as much as 20 hours per day; however, by the end of the first year,
the infant will sleep only approximately 12 hours per day.
