TEKSTEN
DIPLOMATIE 2024
,INHOUDSTAFEL
DEEL 1: HISTORY.............................................................................................9
1. Overview..................................................................................................9
2. To do list exam......................................................................................10
3. Vragen examen......................................................................................10
4. Lecture...................................................................................................10
4.1. History of Diplomacy: 10 Points.......................................................12
4.2. A Conceptual History of Diplomacy.................................................12
4.3. Diplomacy in Greece........................................................................14
4.4. Roman diplomacy............................................................................15
4.5. Byzantine diplomacy.......................................................................15
4.6. Venice..............................................................................................15
4.7. The Making of a Complex Institution: Renaissance Diplomacy........16
TEKST 1: Raymond Cohen, ‘Diplomacy Through the Ages’...........................17
1. Vragen over de tekst.............................................................................17
2. Introduction...........................................................................................17
3. Ancient near Eastern Diplomacy............................................................17
3.1. Cuneiform diplomacy.......................................................................17
3.2. The Sargonic hegemony (2334-2331 BC)........................................18
3.3. In the time of Hammurabi (1700-1670 BC)......................................18
3.4. Age of Armana Archive....................................................................18
3.5. The Neo-Assyrian empire (911-612 BC)...........................................19
4. Classical diplomacy................................................................................19
4.1. The Persian empire emerges (522-486 BC).....................................19
4.2. Greek diplomacy..............................................................................20
4.3. Roman empire.................................................................................20
4.4. The fall of Rome to the barbarians..................................................21
4.5. Byzantine diplomacy.......................................................................22
5. European diplomacy..............................................................................22
6. Conclusion.............................................................................................24
TEKST 2: Fletcher, Catherine, Diplomacy in Renaissance Rome: The Rise of
the Resident Ambassador, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2015,
Ch. 2 and 5, 36-58 and 105-121...................................................................26
1. Research................................................................................................26
2. Conceptualising the resident ambassador.............................................26
1
, 2.1. The treatises on the office of ambassador.......................................27
2.2. The role of the resident...................................................................28
2.3. The extent of the resident’s autonomy............................................30
2.4. The diplomat’s dual persona...........................................................30
3. Information and communication............................................................31
3.1. Rome as international ‘gossip shop’................................................31
3.2. Competition and cooperation in news-gathering.............................31
3.3. The post route as political space.....................................................32
3.4. Diplomatic networks........................................................................32
TEKST 3: Christian Windler, ‘From social status to sovereignty – practices of
foreign relations from the renaissance to the sattelzeit’..............................33
DEEL 2: THEORY............................................................................................34
1. Overview................................................................................................35
2. To do list exam......................................................................................35
3. Exam questions.....................................................................................36
4. Lecture: definition, concepts, theory.....................................................36
4.1. Diplomacy and IR theory.................................................................36
4.2. Diplomacy as a field of study...........................................................37
4.3. The definition of diplomacy.............................................................37
4.4. Shifting context of diplomacy..........................................................41
4.5. Core tasks of diplomats...................................................................42
TEKST 4: Geoffrey Wiseman, ‘Diplomacy’, The SAGE Handbook of Political
Science, Thousand Oaks: SAGE, 2020, pp.1193-1213..................................43
1. Vragen over deze tekst..........................................................................43
2. Introduction...........................................................................................44
3. History of the subject.............................................................................45
3.1. Pre-modern, or pre-Westphalian, diplomacy...................................45
3.2. Modern or Westphalian era..............................................................46
3.3. Diplomacy in a post-modern, post-westphalian, world....................48
4. Basic Theories and Concepts.................................................................49
4.1 A TRADITIONAL STATE-BASED VIEW.................................................49
4.2. A HYBRID MULTI-ACTOR VIEW.........................................................49
4.3. A COSMOPOLITAN NON-STATE OR HUMANIST VIEW........................50
5. Differentiating Global, Regional and National Diplomatic Cultures........50
a. WESTERN (OR EUROPEAN) DIPLOMACY..............................................52
b. NON-WESTERN DIPLOMACY................................................................52
2
, 6. Conclusion: Major Advances and Ongoing Debates...............................53
TEKST 5: Costas M. Constantinou and Paul Sharp, ‘Theoretical perspectives
in diplomacy’, n: The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy, London ets., Sage
Publications, 2016, 13-27..............................................................................56
1. Vragen over de tekst.............................................................................56
2. Introduction...........................................................................................57
3. Early Diplomatic thought.......................................................................58
4. Diplomacy and International relations...................................................60
5. Diplomatic theory and critical IR............................................................63
6. Diplomacy beyond the IR discipline.......................................................64
DEEL 3: LEADERS & SUMMITRY.....................................................................66
1. Overview................................................................................................66
2. Examenvragen.......................................................................................68
3. Lecture: summit diplomacy; diplomacy at the highest level.................68
3.1. Concept: summit diplomacy............................................................68
3.2. History.............................................................................................69
3.3. Belang van de locatie?.....................................................................70
3.4. Reasons for the proliferation of summit diplomacy.........................70
3.5. Functions of summit meetings.........................................................71
3.6. Fases of the summit........................................................................72
3.7. Language.........................................................................................72
3.8. Summitry and global governing.......................................................72
3.9. Online..............................................................................................72
3.10. Theorising summitry......................................................................72
TEKST 7: Seanon Wong, ‘One-upmanship and putdowns: the aggressive use
of interaction rituals in face-to-face diplomacy’............................................74
1. Abstract.................................................................................................74
2. Samenvatting.........................................................................................74
TEKST 8: David hastings, Dunn and Richard Lock-pullan, ‘diplomatic
summitry’......................................................................................................80
1. Introduction...........................................................................................80
2. The evolution of Summitry.....................................................................81
2.1. Overzicht evolutie............................................................................81
3. Modern Summitry..................................................................................84
3.1. Nuclear weapons and economic issues...........................................84
3.2. Improved communication because of innovation: more opportunities
................................................................................................................84
3
, 3.3. Domestication of foreign policy.......................................................85
4. Defining summitry.................................................................................88
5. Conclusion.............................................................................................91
TEKST 9: Minseon Ku, ‘Summit diplomacy as theatre of sovereignty
contestation’.................................................................................................92
1. The research..........................................................................................92
2. Overview of the benefits and disadvantages of summitry.....................92
3. Staging sovereignty...............................................................................93
4. Spectating sovereignty..........................................................................93
5. Contesting sovereignty..........................................................................94
6. Conclusion.............................................................................................94
DEEL 4: CONSULAIR......................................................................................96
1. Overview................................................................................................96
2. Examenvragen.......................................................................................96
TEKST 10: Maaike Okano-Heijmans, ‘Consular affairs and diplomacy’, in
Andrew F. Cooper, Jorge Heine and Ramesh Thakur (eds.), The Oxford
Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013, 473-
492................................................................................................................97
1. Abstract and key words.........................................................................97
2. Consular affairs throughout the centuries.............................................97
2.1. Essence: assistance to individuals...................................................97
2.2. Consuls............................................................................................97
2.3. In reality: more complex..................................................................98
2.4. Conclusie.........................................................................................99
3. Individuals and assistance.....................................................................99
4. Context..................................................................................................99
4.1. Professionalization of consular services..........................................99
4.2. ‘Moral Hazard’...............................................................................100
4.3. Growing interventionism................................................................100
5. Consular affairs and diplomacy............................................................100
5.1. Overlap of diplomacy and consular affairs: depends on how you
define the consular institution…...........................................................100
5.2. Consular functions:........................................................................100
5.3. Political and public diplomacy undertaken by consular officials....101
6. Consular governance and politics........................................................101
6.1. Goals and balance of national interests.........................................101
6.2. Changing role of the state.............................................................102
4
,TEKST 11: Tindall, K. and 't Hart P., 'Evaluating Government Performance
During Consular Emergencies: Toward an Analytical Framework', Policy and
Society 30:20 (2017), pp. 137-149.............................................................103
1. The challenge of consular emergencies...............................................103
2. Toward an evaluation framework........................................................104
3. Constructing the framework................................................................104
3.1. Sense making................................................................................104
3.2. Decision making and coordination.................................................105
3.3. Meaning-making and managing the operational environment......105
3.4. Managing mass information flows.................................................105
3.5. Engaging individuals in a mass event context...............................106
4. Conclusion...........................................................................................106
TEKST 12: Jan Melissen, ‘The First Consular Challenge: Communicating
Assistance to Nationals Abroad’, Asia and the Pacific Policy Studies 7:2
(2020), 217-228..........................................................................................108
1. Introduction........................................................................................108
2. Background..........................................................................................109
3. The puzzle of the public.......................................................................109
3.1 Customers or citizens?....................................................................110
4. Digital dimensions ..............................................................................110
4.1 Learning from crises......................................................................111
4.2 Coordinating communication..........................................................112
5. Consular diplomacy and foreign policy................................................112
DEEL 5: PUBLIC DIPLOMACY EN DIGITALISERING from public diplomacy to
digital diplomacy.........................................................................................114
1. Vragen examen....................................................................................114
2. Concepts..............................................................................................114
3. Intro.....................................................................................................114
4. Public diplomacy vs traditional diplomacy...........................................115
5. Why public diplomacy?........................................................................116
6. Public diplomacy 1.0 and the New PD..................................................117
7. The demand for new diplomatic practices...........................................117
8. Compensating the governmental deficit of access to society..............119
9. Case study 1: public diplomacy and rules of the game.......................119
10. Case study 2: consular diplomacy assistance – going digital?...........120
TEKST 13: Corneliu Bjola and Ilan Manor, ‘The rise of hybrid diplomacy: from
digital adaptation to digital adoption’, international affairs 98:2 (2022), 471-
5
,491..............................................................................................................121
1. Intro.....................................................................................................121
2. Going digital: what does it mean?.......................................................121
3. From digital adaptation to digital adoption..........................................122
3.1. First drive: social media and the Arab Spring................................122
3.2. Second drive: ISIS + Russian annexation of Crimea and strategic
communication.....................................................................................123
3.3. Similar process in wave 1 and 2....................................................123
4. The third wave of digital diplomacy.....................................................123
4.1. Conditions that facilitated the previous waves..............................123
4.2. COVID initiated a third major process of digital adaptation: HYBRID
DIPLOMACY...........................................................................................124
5. Diplomacy in the age of the pandemic................................................124
5.1. Experiencing virtual diplomacy......................................................124
5.2. Lessons learned.............................................................................124
5.3. Adoption prospects........................................................................125
6. Theoretical reflections.........................................................................125
7. Conclusions..........................................................................................125
TEKST 14: Rebecca Adler-Nissen and Kirstin Eggeling, „Blended Diplomacy:
The Entanglement and Contestation of Digital Technologies in Everyday
Diplomatic Practice”, European Journal of International Relations..............126
1. Overview – abstract.............................................................................126
2. Introduction.........................................................................................127
3. Digital technologies in everyday diplomatic practice..........................127
3.1. Retelling a typical diplomatic workday: writing ethnographic
material through vignettes...................................................................127
4. Theorizing blended, not ‘digital diplomacy’.........................................129
4.1. Blended diplomacy: entanglement and contestation....................129
4.2. Boundary work of blended diplomacy: ‘real’ diplomacy and
‘essential’ diplomats.............................................................................130
5. Conclusion...........................................................................................132
TEKST 15: Eichert, David. “Hashtagging justice: digital diplomacy and the
International Criminal Court on Twitter.” The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 16,
no. 4 (2021): 391-420.................................................................................133
1. Intro.....................................................................................................133
2. The ICC in context................................................................................133
3. Analysis................................................................................................133
6
, 4.1. Narratives of unity.........................................................................134
4.2. Narratives of justice.......................................................................134
4.3. Accessibility...................................................................................134
4. Conclusion...........................................................................................134
TEKST 16: Saskia Postema and Jan Melissen, ‘UN celebrity diplomacy in
China: activism, symbolism and national ambition online’, International
Affairs 97/3 (2021) 667-684........................................................................135
1. Research question...............................................................................135
2. Research..............................................................................................135
3. Celebrity phenomenon as a diplomatic practice..................................135
4. Result...................................................................................................136
DEEL 6: SCIENCE.........................................................................................137
1. Overview.................................................................................................137
2. To do examen.........................................................................................138
3. Lecture....................................................................................................138
3.1. Questions about science diplomacy in academia.............................138
3.2. Science vs diplomacy........................................................................138
3.3. Science on the expanding international agenda...............................138
3.4. Defining science and technology diplomacy.....................................139
3.5. Science diplomacy I – AAAS typology...............................................139
3.6. Practical alternatives for the AAAS typology.....................................140
3.7. Science diplomacy builds on science policy......................................140
3.8. SD institution building after 1945.....................................................140
3.9. Cold war: case study 1......................................................................140
3.10. Cold war: case study 2....................................................................141
3.11. S&T diplomacy….............................................................................141
3.11.1. …as US post conflict tool..........................................................141
3.11.2. …as development policy...........................................................141
3.11.3. …as part of grand strategy.......................................................141
3.12. Fine tuning the academic perspective............................................141
3.13. The global south.............................................................................141
3.14. Times of war...................................................................................141
TEKST 17: Pierre-Bruno Ruffini, 'Collaboration and Competition: The Twofold
Logic of Science Diplomacy........................................................................142
1. Introduction.........................................................................................142
7
, 2. International scientific co-operation is the centre of the mainstream
approach..................................................................................................143
2.1. Does competition have its place in science diplomacy? A few
illustrations...........................................................................................143
2.2. Why is competition under-represented in the mainstream discourse
on science diplomacy?..........................................................................144
2.3. Refocusing the debate: collaboration and competition in science
diplomacy ...........................................................................................145
3. Conclusion...........................................................................................146
TEKST 18: Simoni Turchetti, ‘Introduction: just Needham to Nixon? On
writing the history of science diplomacy’....................................................147
1. ABSTRACT............................................................................................147
2. Samenvatting tekst..............................................................................147
2.1. Intro...............................................................................................147
2.2. The buzzword and its history.........................................................147
2.3. Sketching the history of science diplomacy...................................148
2.4. Who wins and who loses? Displaying a novel approach through case
studies..................................................................................................149
TEKST 19: Frank L. Smith, ‘Advancing Science Diplomacy and the US Naval
Medical Research Unit’................................................................................150
1. RESEARCH............................................................................................150
2. Intro.....................................................................................................150
3. The political science of science diplomacy..........................................151
4. The rise and demise of science diplomacy through NAMRU-2.............151
4.1. Backlash over east timor...............................................................151
4.2. Viral sovereignty............................................................................151
5. Unexplained variation..........................................................................151
5.1. Blame the military.........................................................................152
5.2. Blame H5NI and Supari?................................................................152
6. Propositions to improve theory and practice.......................................152
BLOGPOST: science diplomacy from the Global South: new insights, venues
for investigation and lessons learned.........................................................153
8
, DEEL 1: HISTORY
1. Overview
This lecture will summarise fundamental pinciples of diplomacy, its
development until the opening of the modern era and into the early modern
period, between three millennia before the common era until approximately
1800.
9
DIPLOMATIE 2024
,INHOUDSTAFEL
DEEL 1: HISTORY.............................................................................................9
1. Overview..................................................................................................9
2. To do list exam......................................................................................10
3. Vragen examen......................................................................................10
4. Lecture...................................................................................................10
4.1. History of Diplomacy: 10 Points.......................................................12
4.2. A Conceptual History of Diplomacy.................................................12
4.3. Diplomacy in Greece........................................................................14
4.4. Roman diplomacy............................................................................15
4.5. Byzantine diplomacy.......................................................................15
4.6. Venice..............................................................................................15
4.7. The Making of a Complex Institution: Renaissance Diplomacy........16
TEKST 1: Raymond Cohen, ‘Diplomacy Through the Ages’...........................17
1. Vragen over de tekst.............................................................................17
2. Introduction...........................................................................................17
3. Ancient near Eastern Diplomacy............................................................17
3.1. Cuneiform diplomacy.......................................................................17
3.2. The Sargonic hegemony (2334-2331 BC)........................................18
3.3. In the time of Hammurabi (1700-1670 BC)......................................18
3.4. Age of Armana Archive....................................................................18
3.5. The Neo-Assyrian empire (911-612 BC)...........................................19
4. Classical diplomacy................................................................................19
4.1. The Persian empire emerges (522-486 BC).....................................19
4.2. Greek diplomacy..............................................................................20
4.3. Roman empire.................................................................................20
4.4. The fall of Rome to the barbarians..................................................21
4.5. Byzantine diplomacy.......................................................................22
5. European diplomacy..............................................................................22
6. Conclusion.............................................................................................24
TEKST 2: Fletcher, Catherine, Diplomacy in Renaissance Rome: The Rise of
the Resident Ambassador, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2015,
Ch. 2 and 5, 36-58 and 105-121...................................................................26
1. Research................................................................................................26
2. Conceptualising the resident ambassador.............................................26
1
, 2.1. The treatises on the office of ambassador.......................................27
2.2. The role of the resident...................................................................28
2.3. The extent of the resident’s autonomy............................................30
2.4. The diplomat’s dual persona...........................................................30
3. Information and communication............................................................31
3.1. Rome as international ‘gossip shop’................................................31
3.2. Competition and cooperation in news-gathering.............................31
3.3. The post route as political space.....................................................32
3.4. Diplomatic networks........................................................................32
TEKST 3: Christian Windler, ‘From social status to sovereignty – practices of
foreign relations from the renaissance to the sattelzeit’..............................33
DEEL 2: THEORY............................................................................................34
1. Overview................................................................................................35
2. To do list exam......................................................................................35
3. Exam questions.....................................................................................36
4. Lecture: definition, concepts, theory.....................................................36
4.1. Diplomacy and IR theory.................................................................36
4.2. Diplomacy as a field of study...........................................................37
4.3. The definition of diplomacy.............................................................37
4.4. Shifting context of diplomacy..........................................................41
4.5. Core tasks of diplomats...................................................................42
TEKST 4: Geoffrey Wiseman, ‘Diplomacy’, The SAGE Handbook of Political
Science, Thousand Oaks: SAGE, 2020, pp.1193-1213..................................43
1. Vragen over deze tekst..........................................................................43
2. Introduction...........................................................................................44
3. History of the subject.............................................................................45
3.1. Pre-modern, or pre-Westphalian, diplomacy...................................45
3.2. Modern or Westphalian era..............................................................46
3.3. Diplomacy in a post-modern, post-westphalian, world....................48
4. Basic Theories and Concepts.................................................................49
4.1 A TRADITIONAL STATE-BASED VIEW.................................................49
4.2. A HYBRID MULTI-ACTOR VIEW.........................................................49
4.3. A COSMOPOLITAN NON-STATE OR HUMANIST VIEW........................50
5. Differentiating Global, Regional and National Diplomatic Cultures........50
a. WESTERN (OR EUROPEAN) DIPLOMACY..............................................52
b. NON-WESTERN DIPLOMACY................................................................52
2
, 6. Conclusion: Major Advances and Ongoing Debates...............................53
TEKST 5: Costas M. Constantinou and Paul Sharp, ‘Theoretical perspectives
in diplomacy’, n: The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy, London ets., Sage
Publications, 2016, 13-27..............................................................................56
1. Vragen over de tekst.............................................................................56
2. Introduction...........................................................................................57
3. Early Diplomatic thought.......................................................................58
4. Diplomacy and International relations...................................................60
5. Diplomatic theory and critical IR............................................................63
6. Diplomacy beyond the IR discipline.......................................................64
DEEL 3: LEADERS & SUMMITRY.....................................................................66
1. Overview................................................................................................66
2. Examenvragen.......................................................................................68
3. Lecture: summit diplomacy; diplomacy at the highest level.................68
3.1. Concept: summit diplomacy............................................................68
3.2. History.............................................................................................69
3.3. Belang van de locatie?.....................................................................70
3.4. Reasons for the proliferation of summit diplomacy.........................70
3.5. Functions of summit meetings.........................................................71
3.6. Fases of the summit........................................................................72
3.7. Language.........................................................................................72
3.8. Summitry and global governing.......................................................72
3.9. Online..............................................................................................72
3.10. Theorising summitry......................................................................72
TEKST 7: Seanon Wong, ‘One-upmanship and putdowns: the aggressive use
of interaction rituals in face-to-face diplomacy’............................................74
1. Abstract.................................................................................................74
2. Samenvatting.........................................................................................74
TEKST 8: David hastings, Dunn and Richard Lock-pullan, ‘diplomatic
summitry’......................................................................................................80
1. Introduction...........................................................................................80
2. The evolution of Summitry.....................................................................81
2.1. Overzicht evolutie............................................................................81
3. Modern Summitry..................................................................................84
3.1. Nuclear weapons and economic issues...........................................84
3.2. Improved communication because of innovation: more opportunities
................................................................................................................84
3
, 3.3. Domestication of foreign policy.......................................................85
4. Defining summitry.................................................................................88
5. Conclusion.............................................................................................91
TEKST 9: Minseon Ku, ‘Summit diplomacy as theatre of sovereignty
contestation’.................................................................................................92
1. The research..........................................................................................92
2. Overview of the benefits and disadvantages of summitry.....................92
3. Staging sovereignty...............................................................................93
4. Spectating sovereignty..........................................................................93
5. Contesting sovereignty..........................................................................94
6. Conclusion.............................................................................................94
DEEL 4: CONSULAIR......................................................................................96
1. Overview................................................................................................96
2. Examenvragen.......................................................................................96
TEKST 10: Maaike Okano-Heijmans, ‘Consular affairs and diplomacy’, in
Andrew F. Cooper, Jorge Heine and Ramesh Thakur (eds.), The Oxford
Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013, 473-
492................................................................................................................97
1. Abstract and key words.........................................................................97
2. Consular affairs throughout the centuries.............................................97
2.1. Essence: assistance to individuals...................................................97
2.2. Consuls............................................................................................97
2.3. In reality: more complex..................................................................98
2.4. Conclusie.........................................................................................99
3. Individuals and assistance.....................................................................99
4. Context..................................................................................................99
4.1. Professionalization of consular services..........................................99
4.2. ‘Moral Hazard’...............................................................................100
4.3. Growing interventionism................................................................100
5. Consular affairs and diplomacy............................................................100
5.1. Overlap of diplomacy and consular affairs: depends on how you
define the consular institution…...........................................................100
5.2. Consular functions:........................................................................100
5.3. Political and public diplomacy undertaken by consular officials....101
6. Consular governance and politics........................................................101
6.1. Goals and balance of national interests.........................................101
6.2. Changing role of the state.............................................................102
4
,TEKST 11: Tindall, K. and 't Hart P., 'Evaluating Government Performance
During Consular Emergencies: Toward an Analytical Framework', Policy and
Society 30:20 (2017), pp. 137-149.............................................................103
1. The challenge of consular emergencies...............................................103
2. Toward an evaluation framework........................................................104
3. Constructing the framework................................................................104
3.1. Sense making................................................................................104
3.2. Decision making and coordination.................................................105
3.3. Meaning-making and managing the operational environment......105
3.4. Managing mass information flows.................................................105
3.5. Engaging individuals in a mass event context...............................106
4. Conclusion...........................................................................................106
TEKST 12: Jan Melissen, ‘The First Consular Challenge: Communicating
Assistance to Nationals Abroad’, Asia and the Pacific Policy Studies 7:2
(2020), 217-228..........................................................................................108
1. Introduction........................................................................................108
2. Background..........................................................................................109
3. The puzzle of the public.......................................................................109
3.1 Customers or citizens?....................................................................110
4. Digital dimensions ..............................................................................110
4.1 Learning from crises......................................................................111
4.2 Coordinating communication..........................................................112
5. Consular diplomacy and foreign policy................................................112
DEEL 5: PUBLIC DIPLOMACY EN DIGITALISERING from public diplomacy to
digital diplomacy.........................................................................................114
1. Vragen examen....................................................................................114
2. Concepts..............................................................................................114
3. Intro.....................................................................................................114
4. Public diplomacy vs traditional diplomacy...........................................115
5. Why public diplomacy?........................................................................116
6. Public diplomacy 1.0 and the New PD..................................................117
7. The demand for new diplomatic practices...........................................117
8. Compensating the governmental deficit of access to society..............119
9. Case study 1: public diplomacy and rules of the game.......................119
10. Case study 2: consular diplomacy assistance – going digital?...........120
TEKST 13: Corneliu Bjola and Ilan Manor, ‘The rise of hybrid diplomacy: from
digital adaptation to digital adoption’, international affairs 98:2 (2022), 471-
5
,491..............................................................................................................121
1. Intro.....................................................................................................121
2. Going digital: what does it mean?.......................................................121
3. From digital adaptation to digital adoption..........................................122
3.1. First drive: social media and the Arab Spring................................122
3.2. Second drive: ISIS + Russian annexation of Crimea and strategic
communication.....................................................................................123
3.3. Similar process in wave 1 and 2....................................................123
4. The third wave of digital diplomacy.....................................................123
4.1. Conditions that facilitated the previous waves..............................123
4.2. COVID initiated a third major process of digital adaptation: HYBRID
DIPLOMACY...........................................................................................124
5. Diplomacy in the age of the pandemic................................................124
5.1. Experiencing virtual diplomacy......................................................124
5.2. Lessons learned.............................................................................124
5.3. Adoption prospects........................................................................125
6. Theoretical reflections.........................................................................125
7. Conclusions..........................................................................................125
TEKST 14: Rebecca Adler-Nissen and Kirstin Eggeling, „Blended Diplomacy:
The Entanglement and Contestation of Digital Technologies in Everyday
Diplomatic Practice”, European Journal of International Relations..............126
1. Overview – abstract.............................................................................126
2. Introduction.........................................................................................127
3. Digital technologies in everyday diplomatic practice..........................127
3.1. Retelling a typical diplomatic workday: writing ethnographic
material through vignettes...................................................................127
4. Theorizing blended, not ‘digital diplomacy’.........................................129
4.1. Blended diplomacy: entanglement and contestation....................129
4.2. Boundary work of blended diplomacy: ‘real’ diplomacy and
‘essential’ diplomats.............................................................................130
5. Conclusion...........................................................................................132
TEKST 15: Eichert, David. “Hashtagging justice: digital diplomacy and the
International Criminal Court on Twitter.” The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 16,
no. 4 (2021): 391-420.................................................................................133
1. Intro.....................................................................................................133
2. The ICC in context................................................................................133
3. Analysis................................................................................................133
6
, 4.1. Narratives of unity.........................................................................134
4.2. Narratives of justice.......................................................................134
4.3. Accessibility...................................................................................134
4. Conclusion...........................................................................................134
TEKST 16: Saskia Postema and Jan Melissen, ‘UN celebrity diplomacy in
China: activism, symbolism and national ambition online’, International
Affairs 97/3 (2021) 667-684........................................................................135
1. Research question...............................................................................135
2. Research..............................................................................................135
3. Celebrity phenomenon as a diplomatic practice..................................135
4. Result...................................................................................................136
DEEL 6: SCIENCE.........................................................................................137
1. Overview.................................................................................................137
2. To do examen.........................................................................................138
3. Lecture....................................................................................................138
3.1. Questions about science diplomacy in academia.............................138
3.2. Science vs diplomacy........................................................................138
3.3. Science on the expanding international agenda...............................138
3.4. Defining science and technology diplomacy.....................................139
3.5. Science diplomacy I – AAAS typology...............................................139
3.6. Practical alternatives for the AAAS typology.....................................140
3.7. Science diplomacy builds on science policy......................................140
3.8. SD institution building after 1945.....................................................140
3.9. Cold war: case study 1......................................................................140
3.10. Cold war: case study 2....................................................................141
3.11. S&T diplomacy….............................................................................141
3.11.1. …as US post conflict tool..........................................................141
3.11.2. …as development policy...........................................................141
3.11.3. …as part of grand strategy.......................................................141
3.12. Fine tuning the academic perspective............................................141
3.13. The global south.............................................................................141
3.14. Times of war...................................................................................141
TEKST 17: Pierre-Bruno Ruffini, 'Collaboration and Competition: The Twofold
Logic of Science Diplomacy........................................................................142
1. Introduction.........................................................................................142
7
, 2. International scientific co-operation is the centre of the mainstream
approach..................................................................................................143
2.1. Does competition have its place in science diplomacy? A few
illustrations...........................................................................................143
2.2. Why is competition under-represented in the mainstream discourse
on science diplomacy?..........................................................................144
2.3. Refocusing the debate: collaboration and competition in science
diplomacy ...........................................................................................145
3. Conclusion...........................................................................................146
TEKST 18: Simoni Turchetti, ‘Introduction: just Needham to Nixon? On
writing the history of science diplomacy’....................................................147
1. ABSTRACT............................................................................................147
2. Samenvatting tekst..............................................................................147
2.1. Intro...............................................................................................147
2.2. The buzzword and its history.........................................................147
2.3. Sketching the history of science diplomacy...................................148
2.4. Who wins and who loses? Displaying a novel approach through case
studies..................................................................................................149
TEKST 19: Frank L. Smith, ‘Advancing Science Diplomacy and the US Naval
Medical Research Unit’................................................................................150
1. RESEARCH............................................................................................150
2. Intro.....................................................................................................150
3. The political science of science diplomacy..........................................151
4. The rise and demise of science diplomacy through NAMRU-2.............151
4.1. Backlash over east timor...............................................................151
4.2. Viral sovereignty............................................................................151
5. Unexplained variation..........................................................................151
5.1. Blame the military.........................................................................152
5.2. Blame H5NI and Supari?................................................................152
6. Propositions to improve theory and practice.......................................152
BLOGPOST: science diplomacy from the Global South: new insights, venues
for investigation and lessons learned.........................................................153
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, DEEL 1: HISTORY
1. Overview
This lecture will summarise fundamental pinciples of diplomacy, its
development until the opening of the modern era and into the early modern
period, between three millennia before the common era until approximately
1800.
9
