Normal Findings: EYES
Fundus Exam (Ophthalmoscopy)
Peripheral Retina:
o Deep red color.
o No exudates or hemorrhages.
Optic Nerve:
o Round with sharp margins.
o Orange/pink neuroretinal rim.
o Central white depression (physiologic cup).
o Cup-to-disc ratio: Should be ≤50% of the disc diameter (larger suggests glaucoma).
Macula:
o Dark, flat spot in the center of the posterior retina.
o Responsible for:
Central vision
Sharp vision (20/20)
Color vision
o Fovea Centralis: Center of macula, contains only cones; highest visual acuity.
o Macular diseases result in loss of central vision.
Vasculature:
o Blood vessels originate on the nasal side of the optic disc.
o Arteries: Brighter red, narrower than veins.
o A:V ratio: 2:3 or 4:5
o No tortuosity or hemorrhages.
Palpebral conjunctiva:
o Mucosal lining inside eyelids
Bulbar conjunctiva:
o Mucosal lining covering the outer surface of the eyes
Cones:
o For color perception, sharpest vision (20/20 vision)
Rods:
This study source was downloaded by 100000889438651 from nursinghero.com on 02-21-2025 12:10:56 GMT -06:00
https://www.nursinghero.com//study-files/24132327
, o For low-light vision (night vision), peripheral vision
Normal Findings: EARS
Ossicles: Malleus, incus, stapes (smallest bone in the body).
Tympanic Membrane (TM):
o Translucent off-white to gray w/ intact "cone of light."
o Lateral process of malleus visible in upper quadrant; lies in front of pars flaccida.
o Pars tensa: Bulges slightly; location of the cone of light.
Pinna: Contains cartilage; blunt trauma may cause hematoma leading to cauliflower ear if
untreated.
Tragus: Small cartilage flap in front of the ear.
Cerumen: Normal earwax ranges from yellow to dark brown.
o Removal: Cerumenolytics are safe (mineral oil, hydrogen peroxide).
Normal Findings: NOSE
Kiesselbach’s Plexus: Located on anterior inferior nasal septum; responsible for 90% of
nosebleeds.
Turbinates: Inferior turbinates usually visible; pale, bluish, or boggy in allergic rhinitis.
Cartilage: Lower third of the nose; does not regenerate, refer injuries to plastic surgeon.
Septum: Perforation possible with cocaine use, requiring referral to plastic surgeon
This study source was downloaded by 100000889438651 from nursinghero.com on 02-21-2025 12:10:56 GMT -06:00
https://www.nursinghero.com//study-files/24132327
Fundus Exam (Ophthalmoscopy)
Peripheral Retina:
o Deep red color.
o No exudates or hemorrhages.
Optic Nerve:
o Round with sharp margins.
o Orange/pink neuroretinal rim.
o Central white depression (physiologic cup).
o Cup-to-disc ratio: Should be ≤50% of the disc diameter (larger suggests glaucoma).
Macula:
o Dark, flat spot in the center of the posterior retina.
o Responsible for:
Central vision
Sharp vision (20/20)
Color vision
o Fovea Centralis: Center of macula, contains only cones; highest visual acuity.
o Macular diseases result in loss of central vision.
Vasculature:
o Blood vessels originate on the nasal side of the optic disc.
o Arteries: Brighter red, narrower than veins.
o A:V ratio: 2:3 or 4:5
o No tortuosity or hemorrhages.
Palpebral conjunctiva:
o Mucosal lining inside eyelids
Bulbar conjunctiva:
o Mucosal lining covering the outer surface of the eyes
Cones:
o For color perception, sharpest vision (20/20 vision)
Rods:
This study source was downloaded by 100000889438651 from nursinghero.com on 02-21-2025 12:10:56 GMT -06:00
https://www.nursinghero.com//study-files/24132327
, o For low-light vision (night vision), peripheral vision
Normal Findings: EARS
Ossicles: Malleus, incus, stapes (smallest bone in the body).
Tympanic Membrane (TM):
o Translucent off-white to gray w/ intact "cone of light."
o Lateral process of malleus visible in upper quadrant; lies in front of pars flaccida.
o Pars tensa: Bulges slightly; location of the cone of light.
Pinna: Contains cartilage; blunt trauma may cause hematoma leading to cauliflower ear if
untreated.
Tragus: Small cartilage flap in front of the ear.
Cerumen: Normal earwax ranges from yellow to dark brown.
o Removal: Cerumenolytics are safe (mineral oil, hydrogen peroxide).
Normal Findings: NOSE
Kiesselbach’s Plexus: Located on anterior inferior nasal septum; responsible for 90% of
nosebleeds.
Turbinates: Inferior turbinates usually visible; pale, bluish, or boggy in allergic rhinitis.
Cartilage: Lower third of the nose; does not regenerate, refer injuries to plastic surgeon.
Septum: Perforation possible with cocaine use, requiring referral to plastic surgeon
This study source was downloaded by 100000889438651 from nursinghero.com on 02-21-2025 12:10:56 GMT -06:00
https://www.nursinghero.com//study-files/24132327
