©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1:27PM. A+
BIOL1500 - Final Review Exam Questions And
Answers |Latest 2025 | Guaranteed Pass
What properties of water enable life-giving properties - Answer✔cohesion, ability to moderate
temp, expansion upon freezing (lower density of ice - floats), and versatility as a solvent
what is cohesion - Answer✔high surface tension, attraction between molecules of the same
type
what is adhesion of water - Answer✔attraction of water molecules to different substances
(water and plant cell walls)
what is the property of water that allows it to move up a tree - Answer✔cohesion and adhesion
what are the types of hydrogen bonds formed by water - Answer✔covalent and hydrogen
what are covalent bonds - Answer✔sharing of electrons; hold together hydrogen and oxygen of
individual water molecules
what are hydrogen bonds in water - Answer✔partial negative charge on oxygen of one
molecule attracts the partial positive charge on hydrogen of another molecule
properties of acids - Answer✔pH lower than 7; accept electrons; higher concentration of
hydrogen ions
properties of bases - Answer✔pH greater than 7; donates electron pairs; lower concentration of
hydrogen atoms
what are the major elements of life - Answer✔C, H, O, N, S, P
what are valence electrons - Answer✔the number of unpaired electrons in an electron shell
what are atoms that differ in electrons - Answer✔ions
what are atoms that differ in neutrons - Answer✔isotopes
what are atoms that differ in protons - Answer✔different elements
what is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds - Answer✔ionic - transfers electrons
and covalent - shares electrons
1|Page
, ©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1:27PM. A+
what are the different types of isomers - Answer✔structural, cis-trans, and enantiomers
what is a structural isomer - Answer✔same chemical formula but different shape
what is a cis-trans isomer - Answer✔isomers that have functional groups on opposite sides
what is an enantiomer isomer - Answer✔mirror image of each other
what are the names of the different functional groups - Answer✔hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl,
phosphate, sulfhydryl, and amino group
what is a hydroxyl group composed of - Answer✔OH
what is a carboxyl group composed of - Answer✔COOH (combo of hydroxyl and carbonyl)
what is a carbonyl group composed of - Answer✔CO (double bonded)
what is an amino group composed of - Answer✔NH2
what is a sulfhydryl group composed of - Answer✔SH or HS (thiol)
what is a phosphate group composed of - Answer✔OPO3 or PO4 (found in nucleic acids, ATP,
and DNA)
what are the four macromolecules - Answer✔carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
what are carbohydrates - Answer✔sugars and polymers of sugars
what are monomers and polymers of carbohydrates - Answer✔monosaccharides and
polysaccharides
what is the most common sugar - Answer✔glucose (C6H12O6)
what is the function of carbohydrates - Answer✔provide and store energy
what is the covalent bond between two monosaccharides called - Answer✔glycosidic linkages
how are monosaccharides linked together - Answer✔dehydration synthesis
what is the role of polysaccharides - Answer✔storage and structure
what are examples of carbohydrates and its functions - Answer✔cellulose (in plant cell walls),
starch (stores polysaccharides in plants), glycogen (storage in animals), and chitin (structural
polysaccharides in insect exoskeletons)
what are lipids - Answer✔fats, oils, and waxes
what is the function of lipids - Answer✔energy storage, insulation and protection, regulation,
and transport
2|Page
, ©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1:27PM. A+
what are phospholipids - Answer✔two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol
(tails are hydrophobic and phosphate group is hydrophilic)
what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids - Answer✔saturated has
max # of hydrogen atoms and no double bonds; unsaturated has one or more double bonds
what are steroids - Answer✔lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton made of four fused rings
what is a fatty acid made up of - Answer✔carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
are saturated or unsaturated fats solid or liquid at room temperature - Answer✔saturated is
solid (animal fats) and unsaturated is liquid (plant and fish fats)
what is chlolesterol - Answer✔a type of steroid, which is a component of animal cell
membranes
what makes up more than 50% of dry mass of cells - Answer✔proteins
what are protein monomers and polymers - Answer✔monomers are amino acids and polymers
are polypeptide bonds
what are the functions of proteins - Answer✔defense, storage, transport, communication,
movement, structure, hormonal, receptor, contractile and motor, and enzymatic
what are enzymes - Answer✔proteins that speed up chemical reactions (catalysts)
what are the four protein structures - Answer✔primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
what is the shape of the primary protein structure - Answer✔long strands of polypeptides
what is the shape of secondary protein structure - Answer✔alpha helixes (coils) and beta
pleated sheets (folds)
what is the shape of tertiary protein structure - Answer✔functional structure - 3D
what is the shape of quaternary protein structure and what are two common -
Answer✔multiple polypeptide chains that react; collagen and hemoglobin
what is the function of nucleic acids in - Answer✔store, transmit, and express genetic
information
what are nucleic acids made up of - Answer✔nucleotides
what makes up a nucleotides - Answer✔sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
what two nitrogenous bases are purines - Answer✔adenine and guanine
what nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines - Answer✔cytosine, thymine, and uracil
3|Page
BIOL1500 - Final Review Exam Questions And
Answers |Latest 2025 | Guaranteed Pass
What properties of water enable life-giving properties - Answer✔cohesion, ability to moderate
temp, expansion upon freezing (lower density of ice - floats), and versatility as a solvent
what is cohesion - Answer✔high surface tension, attraction between molecules of the same
type
what is adhesion of water - Answer✔attraction of water molecules to different substances
(water and plant cell walls)
what is the property of water that allows it to move up a tree - Answer✔cohesion and adhesion
what are the types of hydrogen bonds formed by water - Answer✔covalent and hydrogen
what are covalent bonds - Answer✔sharing of electrons; hold together hydrogen and oxygen of
individual water molecules
what are hydrogen bonds in water - Answer✔partial negative charge on oxygen of one
molecule attracts the partial positive charge on hydrogen of another molecule
properties of acids - Answer✔pH lower than 7; accept electrons; higher concentration of
hydrogen ions
properties of bases - Answer✔pH greater than 7; donates electron pairs; lower concentration of
hydrogen atoms
what are the major elements of life - Answer✔C, H, O, N, S, P
what are valence electrons - Answer✔the number of unpaired electrons in an electron shell
what are atoms that differ in electrons - Answer✔ions
what are atoms that differ in neutrons - Answer✔isotopes
what are atoms that differ in protons - Answer✔different elements
what is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds - Answer✔ionic - transfers electrons
and covalent - shares electrons
1|Page
, ©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1:27PM. A+
what are the different types of isomers - Answer✔structural, cis-trans, and enantiomers
what is a structural isomer - Answer✔same chemical formula but different shape
what is a cis-trans isomer - Answer✔isomers that have functional groups on opposite sides
what is an enantiomer isomer - Answer✔mirror image of each other
what are the names of the different functional groups - Answer✔hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl,
phosphate, sulfhydryl, and amino group
what is a hydroxyl group composed of - Answer✔OH
what is a carboxyl group composed of - Answer✔COOH (combo of hydroxyl and carbonyl)
what is a carbonyl group composed of - Answer✔CO (double bonded)
what is an amino group composed of - Answer✔NH2
what is a sulfhydryl group composed of - Answer✔SH or HS (thiol)
what is a phosphate group composed of - Answer✔OPO3 or PO4 (found in nucleic acids, ATP,
and DNA)
what are the four macromolecules - Answer✔carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
what are carbohydrates - Answer✔sugars and polymers of sugars
what are monomers and polymers of carbohydrates - Answer✔monosaccharides and
polysaccharides
what is the most common sugar - Answer✔glucose (C6H12O6)
what is the function of carbohydrates - Answer✔provide and store energy
what is the covalent bond between two monosaccharides called - Answer✔glycosidic linkages
how are monosaccharides linked together - Answer✔dehydration synthesis
what is the role of polysaccharides - Answer✔storage and structure
what are examples of carbohydrates and its functions - Answer✔cellulose (in plant cell walls),
starch (stores polysaccharides in plants), glycogen (storage in animals), and chitin (structural
polysaccharides in insect exoskeletons)
what are lipids - Answer✔fats, oils, and waxes
what is the function of lipids - Answer✔energy storage, insulation and protection, regulation,
and transport
2|Page
, ©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1:27PM. A+
what are phospholipids - Answer✔two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol
(tails are hydrophobic and phosphate group is hydrophilic)
what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids - Answer✔saturated has
max # of hydrogen atoms and no double bonds; unsaturated has one or more double bonds
what are steroids - Answer✔lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton made of four fused rings
what is a fatty acid made up of - Answer✔carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
are saturated or unsaturated fats solid or liquid at room temperature - Answer✔saturated is
solid (animal fats) and unsaturated is liquid (plant and fish fats)
what is chlolesterol - Answer✔a type of steroid, which is a component of animal cell
membranes
what makes up more than 50% of dry mass of cells - Answer✔proteins
what are protein monomers and polymers - Answer✔monomers are amino acids and polymers
are polypeptide bonds
what are the functions of proteins - Answer✔defense, storage, transport, communication,
movement, structure, hormonal, receptor, contractile and motor, and enzymatic
what are enzymes - Answer✔proteins that speed up chemical reactions (catalysts)
what are the four protein structures - Answer✔primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
what is the shape of the primary protein structure - Answer✔long strands of polypeptides
what is the shape of secondary protein structure - Answer✔alpha helixes (coils) and beta
pleated sheets (folds)
what is the shape of tertiary protein structure - Answer✔functional structure - 3D
what is the shape of quaternary protein structure and what are two common -
Answer✔multiple polypeptide chains that react; collagen and hemoglobin
what is the function of nucleic acids in - Answer✔store, transmit, and express genetic
information
what are nucleic acids made up of - Answer✔nucleotides
what makes up a nucleotides - Answer✔sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
what two nitrogenous bases are purines - Answer✔adenine and guanine
what nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines - Answer✔cytosine, thymine, and uracil
3|Page
