Epidemiology Lecture Notes 2024/2025
Exam All Answers and Illustrations
Given
Epidemiology - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔"the distribution and determinants of health and
diseases, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations.
Epidemiologic studies are applied to the control of health problems in
populations."
the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events
in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health
problems.
Learning Objectives (1/11/2017) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Define the term epidemiology
Describe ways in which epidemiology may be considered a liberal arts discipline
State important landmarks in the history of epidemiology
Describe uses of epidemiology
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,Health Related States or Events - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔health and diseases, morbidity,
injuries, disability, and mortality in populations
Epidemiology examples - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-Violence in schools
-Any incident of violence (especially shootings) on school premises is significant.
-Comparing data according to the characteristics of homicides and settings
where they occurred
ex. Data suggest that the preponderance of homicide victims were male
students and students in urban areas
-Outbreak of Zika in April 2016
-Motor vehicle Accidents among Teens
-Salmonella Outbreak in 2008
Key Characteristics - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Population Focus
Distribution - (Quantification)
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619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Determinants - (Quantification)
Outcomes = Health Related States or Events
Control of Health Problems
Population Focus - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The focus of epidemiology is on the
occurrence of health and disease in the population.
The definition of a population is "All the inhabitants of a given country or area
considered together;..."
The population approach contrasts with clinical medicine's concern with the
individual. **
Epidemiology is sometimes called population medicine.
Distribution (Quantification) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The occurrence of diseases and
other health outcomes varies in populations, with some subgroups of the
populations more frequently affected than others. *subpopulations such as
income, height, age, race to find risk factors in subpopulation
Two Components of Distribution are:
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619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Frequency of the event
Pattern of the event
*Quantification refers to counting the cases of illness or other health outcomes
and use of use of statistics to describe the occurrence of health outcomes or
measure their association with exposures
ex. incident rate, distribution factors
Frequency - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔the number or counts of an event in a given
population at a given time.
Classification of Disease Frequency: - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Normal or Expected Level
Epidemic Level
Pandemic Level
Normal or expected level - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔baseline level of observed occurrence
of a particular disease
Epidemic level - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The occurrence in a community or region of cases
of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related events
clearly in excess of normal expectancy.
Page 4 of 77
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Exam All Answers and Illustrations
Given
Epidemiology - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔"the distribution and determinants of health and
diseases, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations.
Epidemiologic studies are applied to the control of health problems in
populations."
the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events
in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health
problems.
Learning Objectives (1/11/2017) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Define the term epidemiology
Describe ways in which epidemiology may be considered a liberal arts discipline
State important landmarks in the history of epidemiology
Describe uses of epidemiology
Page 1 of 77
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Health Related States or Events - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔health and diseases, morbidity,
injuries, disability, and mortality in populations
Epidemiology examples - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-Violence in schools
-Any incident of violence (especially shootings) on school premises is significant.
-Comparing data according to the characteristics of homicides and settings
where they occurred
ex. Data suggest that the preponderance of homicide victims were male
students and students in urban areas
-Outbreak of Zika in April 2016
-Motor vehicle Accidents among Teens
-Salmonella Outbreak in 2008
Key Characteristics - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Population Focus
Distribution - (Quantification)
Page 2 of 77
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Determinants - (Quantification)
Outcomes = Health Related States or Events
Control of Health Problems
Population Focus - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The focus of epidemiology is on the
occurrence of health and disease in the population.
The definition of a population is "All the inhabitants of a given country or area
considered together;..."
The population approach contrasts with clinical medicine's concern with the
individual. **
Epidemiology is sometimes called population medicine.
Distribution (Quantification) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The occurrence of diseases and
other health outcomes varies in populations, with some subgroups of the
populations more frequently affected than others. *subpopulations such as
income, height, age, race to find risk factors in subpopulation
Two Components of Distribution are:
Page 3 of 77
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Frequency of the event
Pattern of the event
*Quantification refers to counting the cases of illness or other health outcomes
and use of use of statistics to describe the occurrence of health outcomes or
measure their association with exposures
ex. incident rate, distribution factors
Frequency - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔the number or counts of an event in a given
population at a given time.
Classification of Disease Frequency: - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Normal or Expected Level
Epidemic Level
Pandemic Level
Normal or expected level - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔baseline level of observed occurrence
of a particular disease
Epidemic level - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The occurrence in a community or region of cases
of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related events
clearly in excess of normal expectancy.
Page 4 of 77
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
