Epidemiology Final Exam 2024/2025
Exam Questions and Detailed Answers |
Get it 100% Correct Answers
The Scientific Method - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Techniques for investigating phenomena,
acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.
Consists of the collection of data through observation and/or experimentation,
and the formulation of hypotheses which are testable and open to falsification.
Utilizes methods to minimize or eliminate bias in data collection and analysis.
Requires one to document, archive and share all data and methodology to allow
for reproducibility.
Steps in Scientific Research - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1.Review literature, define the
question, develop hypothesis
2.Design the study, collect data through observation or experimentation
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,3.Analyze data
4.Interpret data and draw conclusions (inference)
Serve as a starting point for new hypothesis
Or, as the basis for a comparative study
5. Publish results
reviewing the literature - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Epidemiologists frequently begin by
searching biomedical databases, that cover a wide range of health fields
PubMed from the National Library of Medicine
Same journal coverage as MEDLINE
Others include:
SCOPUS, Web of Science, Science Direct - access through your school or
workplace (subscription based)
Databases typically provide author-written abstracts and link to similar studies
Often link to full text - sometimes freely available
Tip: If you are prompted to pay for an article, be sure to go through Rutgers
Libraries instead!
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,hypotheses - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Generating hypotheses are very important!
For any public health problem, first step is to formulate a reasonable and
testable hypothesis.
Hypothesis = suppositions that are tested by collecting facts that lead to their
acceptance or rejection
They may also be thought of as "refutable predictions"
Three common ways of stating hypotheses:
1. Positive declaration (research hypothesis)
Example: "The infant mortality rate is higher in one region than another"
2. Negative declaration (null hypothesis)
Example: "There is no difference between the infant mortality rates of two
study regions"
3. Implicit question
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, Example: "To study the association between infant mortality and geographic
region of disease."
study designs - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Many study designs available
Differ in time required, cost, purpose, strengths and weaknesses
Selection of appropriate design depends on goals of research
When little is known, a quick economical study generally precedes lengthy and
costly one
As knowledge increases, undertake more rigorous and expensive study designs
Study designs differ in several respects:
Number of observations made
One observation vs. observations at multiple points in time
When and how exposure is measured
Retrospective vs. Prospective designs
Subject recall vs. direct monitoring of exposure
Amount of time elapsed between exposure and disease
Study designs differ in several respects:
Page 4 of 138
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Exam Questions and Detailed Answers |
Get it 100% Correct Answers
The Scientific Method - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Techniques for investigating phenomena,
acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.
Consists of the collection of data through observation and/or experimentation,
and the formulation of hypotheses which are testable and open to falsification.
Utilizes methods to minimize or eliminate bias in data collection and analysis.
Requires one to document, archive and share all data and methodology to allow
for reproducibility.
Steps in Scientific Research - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1.Review literature, define the
question, develop hypothesis
2.Design the study, collect data through observation or experimentation
Page 1 of 138
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,3.Analyze data
4.Interpret data and draw conclusions (inference)
Serve as a starting point for new hypothesis
Or, as the basis for a comparative study
5. Publish results
reviewing the literature - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Epidemiologists frequently begin by
searching biomedical databases, that cover a wide range of health fields
PubMed from the National Library of Medicine
Same journal coverage as MEDLINE
Others include:
SCOPUS, Web of Science, Science Direct - access through your school or
workplace (subscription based)
Databases typically provide author-written abstracts and link to similar studies
Often link to full text - sometimes freely available
Tip: If you are prompted to pay for an article, be sure to go through Rutgers
Libraries instead!
Page 2 of 138
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,hypotheses - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Generating hypotheses are very important!
For any public health problem, first step is to formulate a reasonable and
testable hypothesis.
Hypothesis = suppositions that are tested by collecting facts that lead to their
acceptance or rejection
They may also be thought of as "refutable predictions"
Three common ways of stating hypotheses:
1. Positive declaration (research hypothesis)
Example: "The infant mortality rate is higher in one region than another"
2. Negative declaration (null hypothesis)
Example: "There is no difference between the infant mortality rates of two
study regions"
3. Implicit question
Page 3 of 138
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Example: "To study the association between infant mortality and geographic
region of disease."
study designs - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Many study designs available
Differ in time required, cost, purpose, strengths and weaknesses
Selection of appropriate design depends on goals of research
When little is known, a quick economical study generally precedes lengthy and
costly one
As knowledge increases, undertake more rigorous and expensive study designs
Study designs differ in several respects:
Number of observations made
One observation vs. observations at multiple points in time
When and how exposure is measured
Retrospective vs. Prospective designs
Subject recall vs. direct monitoring of exposure
Amount of time elapsed between exposure and disease
Study designs differ in several respects:
Page 4 of 138
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER:
619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
