SOLUTIONS & INSTRUCTOR MANUAL for Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 4th Edition by Peter Norvig and Stuart Russell Updated A+

SOLUTIONS & INSTRUCTOR MANUAL
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Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 4th Edition
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bv by Peter Norvig and Stuart Russell, Chapters 1 – 28
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,Artificial Intelligence
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1 Introduction ...
2 Intelligent Agents ...
II Problem-solving
3 Solving Problems by Searching ...
4 Search in Complex Environments ...
5 Adversarial Search and Games ...
6 Constraint Satisfaction Problems ...
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III Knowledge, reasoning, and planning
7 Logical Agents ...
8 First-Order Logic ...
9 Inference in First-Order Logic ...
10 Knowledge Representation ...
11 Automated Planning ...
IV Uncertain knowledge and reasoning
12 Quantifying Uncertainty ...
13 Probabilistic Reasoning ...
14 Probabilistic Reasoning over Time ...
15 Probabilistic Programming ...
16 Making Simple Decisions ...
17 Making Complex Decisions ...
18 Multiagent Decision Making ...
V Machine Learning

, 19 Learning from Examples ...
20 Learning Probabilistic Models ...
21 Deep Learning ...
22 Reinforcement Learning ...
VI Communicating, perceiving, and acting
23 Natural Language Processing ...
24 Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing ...
25 Computer Vision ...
26 Robotics ...
VII Conclusions
27 Philosophy, Ethics, and Safety of AI ...
28 The Future of AI

, EXERCISES v b
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1
INTRODUCTION
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b we
v give references where answers can be found rather
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than writing them out—the full answers would be b v b v bv



b far
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1.1 What Is AI?

Exercise 1.1.#DEFA bv



Define in your own words: (a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence, (c) agent, (d) ra-
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tionality, (e) logical reasoning.
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a. Dictionary definitions of intelligence b talkv about b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v



―the b v capacity to acquire band v apply b knowledge‖
v b v b v bv b v b v b v b v b v b v



or
b v ―the bfacultyv of thought b v and reason‖ b or v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v bv b v



―the b ability
v to comprehend and b profit v from experience.‖ b v b v b v b v b v b v



These b vare all reasonable answers, b vbut if b v we want b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v



something quantifiable
b v we would use something like
bv ―the b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v



abilityb v to act successfully across ab v wide range
b v of b v b v bv b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v



objectives
b v in complex environments.‖ b v b v b v b v bv



b. We define b artificial
v intelligence
b v as the study b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v



and b construction
v of agent b programs
v that b perform
v well b v b v bv b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v



in b v a given
b v class of b v environments, for
b v a b v given b v b v b v b v b v b v b v bv b v b v b v b v b v



agent b v architecture; they do the
b vright thing.b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v



An important
b v part of that bv is dealing with the b v b v b v b v b v b v b v



uncertainty
b v of what the current state is, what the b v b v b v bv b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v



outcome
b v of b possible
v actions might be, and what b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v bv b v b v



is b vit thatb v we really b v desire. b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v



c. We define an b agent v as an entity that takes action b in v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v



response
b v to percepts from an envi- ronment. b v bv b v b v b v b v



d. We define rationality
b v b vas the property of a system
b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v



which b v does the ―right thing‖ given b v what itb v knows. b v b v bv b v b v b v b v b v b v



See b Section
v 2.2 for a more complete
b v discussion. The b v b v b v b v bv b v b v b v b v



basic
b v conceptb v is perfect rationality; Section
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?? describes the impossibility
b v of achieving perfect rational- b v b v b v b v b v b v



ity b and proposes an alternative definition.
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e. We define logical
b v reasoning
b v as the a process of b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v b v



deriving
b v new sentences from old, such that
b v the newb v bv b v b v b v b v b v b v b v



sentences
b v are necessarily true if the old ones are b true. v b v b v b v bv b v b v b v b v b v



(Noticeb v that does not refer to any specific syntax
b v or b v b v b v b v b v b v b v bv b v



formal language, but it does require a well-defined notion
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of truth.)
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