PSY 220 Exam 1 | Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions)

PSY 220 Exam 1 | Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions) Which of the following best describes the visual abilities of a neonatal infant? a. their visual acuity is the same as the average adult b. their visual acuity is worse than the average adult c. their visual acuity is better than the average adult d. their visual acuity has never been measured An infant who scores extremely low on the Bayley scales ____. a. may need the intervention of a social psychologist and pediatric dietitian b. is predicted to do extremely well on an IQ test c. may have serious development problems and needs immediate attention d. is doing extremely well and above normal development milestones Marie is a heavy drinker and managed to stop drinking for most of her pregnancy. If she drank alcohol during the ________ period, her baby would be most at risk of structural damage. a. prenatal b. embryonic c. germinal d. blastula Longitudinal studies examining attention have found that, compared to "long-lookers", "short-lookers" in infancy tend to have ____. a. lower IQ scores later in development b. higher IQ scores later in development c. lower attention scores later in development d. higher attention scores later in development It is January 1989 in Beijing, China, and Huang and Jiao have just married. They want to conceive a child as soon as possible, as most newly married Chinese couples do. Considering it is the middle of winter, and fruits and vegetables are not readily available, what important nutrient in Huang's prenatal diet is likely to be missing, potentially causing her child to be born with spina bifida? a. Folic acid b. Potassium c. Calcium d. Vitamin D When your neighbors brought their baby home from the hospital, he weighed less than at birth. They were very concerned; what would you tell them? a. They probably need to try to feed the newborn more frequently. b. It is normal for babies to lose weight right after birth. He should regain the weight before a couple of weeks go by. c. The wife probably cannot breast-feed and they should start formula feeding immediately. d. He must have an eating disorder. What is ethnographic research and are there any disadvantages? Researchers spend a good amount of time with the people they wish to study, often by actually living with them. Disadvantages include requirement of time, commitment and sacrifice. Researchers often form relationships with the people which may lead to bias. Which of the following is LEAST LIKELY to have survival value? a. The Moro reflex b. The swimming reflex c. The rooting reflex d. The Babkin reflex It is known that malnutrition leads to ____. a. dyslexia and difficulty with mathematics b. Munchausen and Stockholm syndrome c. attention deficit hyperactive disorder and oppositional defiance d. poorer cognitive development in both verbal and spatial intelligence What percent of the current world's population lives in the most affluent countries? a. 18% b. 34% c. 51% d. 68% What did Gesell name his overall measure of infants' developmental progress? a. intelligence quotient b. developmental quotient c. growth quotient d. progress quotient Characteristics such as height, weight, and skin color are made up of a ____. a. homogenetic inheritance b. heterogenetic inheritance c. dominant-recessive inheritance d. polygenetic inheritance Which of the following occurred during the Neolithic period? a. The climate got much colder. b. Humans began to bury their dead for the first time. c. The domestication of animals developed. d. Humans reached Australia for the first time. What is the earliest sense to develop in neonates? a. sight b. touch c. hearing d. smell Juanita's cervix is 10 centimeters dilated, so she ____________________. a. is just beginning the labor stage b. requires an episiotomy c. has completed labor and is ready to deliver the baby d. requires a C-section Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is almost unknown in cultures where co-sleeping is the norm because__________________________. a. babies tend to sleep with their parents on relatively hard surfaces b. parents tend to put cloth on both sides of their babies so they remain on their sides c. babies are less likely to be breast-fed and therefore parents are less likely to roll over on them d. babies are less likely to be aroused during the night in these quieter settings What disease occurs in malnourished infants in which their bodies stop growing, muscles atrophy, and they become lethargic? a. failure to thrive b. human growth hormone deficiency c. marasmus d. progeria Which of the following statements is true regarding research methods? a. Qualitative data is considered unscientific among most researchers in the field of psychology. b. The strength of the case study approach is the ability to generalize the findings. c. The ethnographic method allows the researcher to learn how people behave in their daily lives. d. The most commonly used method in social science research is the open-ended interview. To study adolescents' attitudes toward contraceptive use, a researcher recruits subjects from a waiting room of a community clinic that offers free contraceptive services to all. This researcher has a sample that is ____. a. not representative of all adolescents b. similar to the general population of adolescents c. representative of adolescents in America, but not other developed nations d. representative of female adolescents and not males Jean Piaget proposed that a person's cognitive abilities are organized into coherent mental structures. Which of the following best describes his approach? a. psychosocial approach b. cognitive-developmental approach c. psychosexual approach d. neurobiological approach Even though a high percentage of mothers in developing countries could safely breast-feed, why is there such a low rate of breast-feeding in these areas? a. They have no training on how to breast-feed. b. Corporations have unethically convinced mothers that formula is better. c. Religious practices discourage women from breast-feeding. d. Poor women in these areas are malnourished and are not capable of breast-feeding. One of the consequences of having a sex chromosomal disorder is that it might disrupt development of the reproductive system at puberty. What can be done about the difficulty at puberty? a. role playing therapy b. hormone replacement treatment c. group therapy d. strenuous exercise Which of the following describes the normal sequence of language development? a. words, gesturing, cooing, babbling b. gesturing, words, babbling, cooing c. babbling, cooing, words, gesturing d. cooing, babbling, gesturing, words What does the text refer to as the biologically based raw material of personality? a. genetics b. temperament c. physiological set d. bio-personality The Gusii, like people in many traditional cultures, are in contact with their children nearly constantly. How do they view talking to children? a. They also speak to them constantly. b. They only speak to them during the day, never at night. c. They speak only to the upper caste infants. d. They do not think that it is necessary or useful to speak to infants. If you were a member of the Ila people of Zimbabwe and just gave birth, how would others react and respond? a. They would congratulate and present you with gifts. b. They would shun you and fear the evil spirits that you brought into the village. c. They would pity you because the birth process lowered your social status. d. They would envy you because the status of motherhood is near godlike. A method of prenatal care that has been used by traditional cultures that is now being used by midwives, nurses, and physicians in developed countries is ____. a. dancing b. singing c. daily naps d. massage When did the early hominid species evolve into Homo sapiens? a. 20,000 years ago b. 200,000 years ago c. 2,000,000 years ago d. 20,000,000 years ago In most developing countries, motherhood is an essential part of a female's identity, and if infertility occurs, she may ____. a. travel to the city and seek fertility treatment b. use herbal remedies and consult a shaman c. become anxious and overly depressed d. divorce her husband and seek another who is more fertile What position is the fetus in when it is in a breech presentation? a. feet or buttocks down b. head down, face away from mother's spine c. head down, face toward mother's spine d. horizontal A fellow worker was present at his son's birth. He was really upset because his son was born with a white substance all over his skin and no one told him what the problem was. You should tell him ____. a. that it was probably cancer b. that his baby probably had something wrong with it. You have never heard of such a thing. c. that the white substance was vernix and many babies have that at birth. It protects their skin in utero. d. that that was a greasy like substance that is used to help the baby emerge from the birth canal. They will wash it off later. What did Arnett define as the increasing connections between different parts of the world in trade, travel, migration, and communication? a. globalization b. social networks c. the Internet d. small world syndrome If a culture believes that the birth process is spiritually unclean, which of the following is more likely to occur? a. The infant will have to be cleansed immediately following birth. b. Birth will most likely take place in a location where most people do not reside. c. The mother will have to travel to the city and give birth in a hospital. d. The family must pray to the Birthing Gods before the birthing process can occur. What term describes the situation in which the infant sleeps with the parents? a. parental sleeping b. cosleeping c. communal sleeping d. familial sleeping The three main scales on the Bayley-III are the cognitive scale, language scale, and _______ scale. a. temperament b. personality c. attachment d. motor What makes delivery much more difficult for the woman? a. lying flat on her back b. squatting c. kneeling d. leaning back on a hammock According to the text, for most of history the total human population was under ______. a. 1 million b. 10 million c. 100 million d. 1 billion Girls normally begin menstruating around age 11-16, toward the lower end of this range under healthy conditions and toward the higher end when nutrition is insufficient. This is an example of __________________. a. a high concordance rate b. a low concordance rate c. epigenesis d. heritability The _________ lobe is responsible for processing auditory information, including language. a. frontal b. parietal c. occipital d. temporal Dayle goes to the doctor and expresses concern that her infant's head is too big for his body. The doctor tells her that this is normal because of __________________. a. the fact that head size varies widely b. the cephalocaudal principle c. the proximodistal principle d. the fact that after infancy, growth slows down considerably Fertilization can take place only __________________. a. within three days after the ovum enters the fallopian tube b. in the first 24 hours after the ovum enters the fallopian tube c. in the first 2 hours after the ovum enters the fallopian tube d. if intercourse occurs on the day of ovulation What principle describes an individual's ability to seek satisfaction within the constraints imposed by the superego? a. pleasure principle b. reality principle c. balancing principle d. libido principle What teratogen causes the most widespread damage to prenatal development in developed countries? a. tobacco b. infectious diseases c. cocaine d. alcohol A person with an XY pairing of chromosomes is a ____, whereas a person with an XX pairing of chromosomes is a ____. a. male; female b. female; male c. homogenetic inheritance; polygenetic inheritance d. polygenetic inheritance; homogenetic inheritance What is the name of the procedure in which an incision is made to make the vaginal opening larger? a. crowning b. episiotomy c. vaginalectomy d. amniocentesis What is the oldest effective treatment for infertility? a. in vitro fertilization b. nutritional supplements c. surrogate motherhood d. artificial insemination The heritability estimate ranges from ____. a. 1 to 100 b. 0 to 1.00 c. 1 to 5 d. 0 to 20 The Babinski reflex is when ____. a. the infant's leg jerks forward as pressure is exerted on its knee b. the infant twists its foot inward as the sole of its foot is stroked c. the infant blinks as a puff of air is blown towards an eye d. the infant's eyes track light as it is moved across its plain of view When do infants first exhibit a social smile? a. at birth b. at the second or third month c. at the sixth or seventh month d. at a year A basic statistical principle of scientific research is that correlation _____. a. indicates causation b. does not imply causation c. implies causation if it is significantly positive d. implies causation if it is significantly negative In Thomas and Chess's (1956) original study, most infants were categorized as having a temperament of ____. a. easy b. difficult c. slow-to- warm-up d. undifferentiated You and your pediatrician get into an argument regarding where the infant should sleep. You strongly believe that she should sleep with you, while your pediatrician insists that it can be dangerous for her not to sleep in her own crib. What would be your argument? a. There is no medical reason that your infant cannot sleep with you, it is just a cultural opinion. b. Pediatricians do not care as much about infants as you do. c. There is scientific evidence that infants who sleep in cribs in different rooms grow up developmentally deprived. d. You love your infant too much to have him or her in a different room! In the textbook A Cultural Approach to Human Development, after the stage of adolescence there are ____stages of adulthood. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 One important difference among the three ancient conceptions of human development— the Dharmashastras, the Talmud, and the philosopher Solon—is that they have very different ways of ____. a. dividing the lifespan into segments or stages b. defining the afterlife c. developing a sense of the lifespan based on their religious thoughts d. expressing their theories regarding development Research has shown that what type of treatment intervention for low birth weight neonates helps them to survive their first year? a. papoose care b. kangaroo care c. marsupial care d. frequent contact care The expectations that cultures have for males and females are different from the time they are born. The degree of the difference depends on _____. a. culture b. age c. gender d. socioeconomic status According to the World Health Organization, it is recommended that women breast-feed for a period of ____. a. 6 months, with solid foods being introduced immediately b. 1 year, with solid foods being introduced at 3 months c. 2 years, with solid foods being introduced at 6 months d. 3 years, with solid foods being introduced at 1 year Choose one prenatal period and provide a detailed overview of what happens. Include when it occurs. The Embryonic Period (3-8 Weeks) Nearly all organ systems are formed. The embryonic disk forms three layers. Which of the following statements about breast feeding is most accurate? a. Babies in developing countries are more at risk for health problems if their mothers do not breast feed them than are babies in developed countries. b. Breast feeding promotes better health in childhood, but does not have any influence on long-term health. c. Breast-fed babies are more likely than bottle-fed babies to become obese in childhood because they are used to eating on demand. d. The colostrum that mothers produce in the first weeks after birth can be dangerous to babies, so doctors advise using formula until the mother begins producing milk. Fernando and Rebecca are anxious to know the sex of their baby. It would not be until the end of the ____month of pregnancy that they can find out, because the genitalia will not have fully formed before then. a. 2nd b. 3rd c. 4th d. 5th Assume you're living in a tribal group in Africa and one of the village mothers cannot produce enough breast milk for her infant. Which the following would most likely serve as a substitute for a mother's breast milk? a. sheep's milk b. goat's milk c. elephant's milk d. dog's milk Describe one way that Erikson's theory was different from Freud's. Erickson's theory includes a central crisis in which a child needs to establish before moving on to the next social thing. Freud's includes our sexual desires and unconscious wishes. ________ generates hypotheses that can be tested in research. a. An unbiased sample b. A theory c. The research design d. The research method What is the term that develop mentalists use to describe repetitive consonant-vowel combinations? a. telegraphic speech b. babbling c. cooing d. gesturing A ____ is the person who helps with the birth process; she is generally older and has direct experience or has been trained at assisting births. a. nanny b. midwife c. wet nurse d. shaman What is the current percentage of low birth weight neonates in the United States? a. 8% b. 18% c. 28% d. 38% Frank is a researcher at a large university and is nervous about an important meeting with a group who will scrutinize his research proposal while judging whether or not it follows reasonable ethical guidelines. Frank is meeting with _____. a. an institutional review board b. a rank and tenure committee c. a president's board committee d. a funding and endowment board In recent decades, research has determined that Piaget's theory was very useful in terms of ____. a. its ability to completely understand infant cognitive development b. its overall description of infant cognitive development c. its theoretical explanation of infant cognitive development d. its explanation of object permanence Growth and development proceed from the middle of the body outward, which is known as the ____. a. head first, body second principle b. cephalocaudal principle c. proximodistal principle d. top-down principle Many countries have a lower rate of pregnancies resulting in spina bifida because ____. a. iodine is added to table salt b. fluoride is added to drinking water c. folic acid is added to grain products d. school immunizations are required Why is emerging adulthood considered to be a phenomenon of developed countries rather than developing countries? In developing countries, this is a time in which individuals further their education, get married, get a stable job, ext. In developing countries, many of these roles are already assigned in teen years. Midwives tend to be ______. a. young women b. sisters of the woman giving birth c. older women who have never had children d. older women who have had children What portion of the United States' population will increase from 16 to 30 percent by 2050? a. African American b. Anglo American c. Asian American d. Latino Which of the following is a common feature of infant social life in most cultures throughout history? a. Infants spend a lot of their day in the company of their fathers. b. Infants are cared for exclusively by the mothers until they become old enough to walk. c. Infants are often kept away from older adults so that they will be less vulnerable to the spread of disease. d. Infants are surrounded by others and carried or held almost constantly. Which of the following is TRUE? a. There has been a trend in hospital policies in the last decade to keep babies and mothers separate in the first hours after birth to prevent infection. b. Imprinting is another name for the Moro reflex. c. Lorenz showed that following the first moving object after birth has survival value for geese. d. In humans, if there is no contact with the mother shortly after birth, the baby's future development is at risk. The third step in the scientific method is to: a. collect data to test the hypothesis. b. identify a question of scientific interest. c. form a hypothesis. d. choose a research method and a research design. Your brother and sister-in- law are discussing their plan to get to the hospital for the delivery of their first child. They are concerned about how quickly they could get to the hospital. You should tell them: a. That is a very good plan. You cannot get to the hospital quickly enough. b. Labor for first pregnancies is 24 hours, so you could book a flight to a different city and still make it to the hospital. c. I would not really worry about it too much; the average labor for first pregnancies is 12 hours. You should be able to make it! d. Since they live in the city, they should take a cab; many children are born in cabs and cab drivers know what they are doing. ____ are the leading cause of neonatal mortality. a. Parental neglect and abuse b. Accidents and injuries c. Accidental poisoning and drowning d. Severe birth defects and low birth weight What percent of infertility problems are related to the male? a. 10% b. 30% c. 50% d. 70% Why would you expect the textbook author, Arnett, to use Bronfenbrenner's model as a frame for his book more than Freud's theory? It is not a stage theory like Freud's is. This theory focuses on the multiple influences that shape human development in the social environment. What birthing procedure involves removing the fetus from the uterus surgically? a. fetalectomy b. vaginal birth c. cesarean birth d. Episiotomy What is it called when babies cry for more than three hours a day over more than three days at a time for more than three weeks? a. dysphoric crying b. colic c. autism spectrum disorder d. incessant crying Like the Hindu Dharmashastras, the life course described in the Talmud goes up to age ___. a. 70 b. 80 c. 90 d. 100 As an infant's short-term and long-term memory improve, he or she should also get better ____. a. with the creation of personal fables b. in their degree of egocentrism c. at the task of object permanence d. speaking to an imaginary audience The A-not- B error illustrates which of the following Piagetian principle? a. accommodation b. assimilation c. egocentrism d. object permanence Which of the following tools were developed by human beings during the Upper Paleolithic period? a. the bow and arrow and the spear thrower b. the gun and canon c. the folding-blade knife and shovel d. the pistol and shotgun Breast-feeding triggers the release of the hormone oxytocin. What effect does oxytocin have on mothers during the days following the birth of their neonates? a. decreases blood pressure b. starts the process of ovulation c. reduces bleeding in the uterus d. delays abdominal cramping ____ describes a genetically based timetable that individuals are born with. a. Human genome b. Blank slate c. Ontogenetic d. Genetic loading In a town in England, the wings of a local butterfly species had a black and white pattern. Over the years, as air pollution worsened in the town, a coat of black soot often covered everything. From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following is a logical sequencing? a. Butterflies became blacker because the ones with relatively more black on their wings were most likely to blend in with the sooty background. b. Butterflies became lighter because the ones with relatively more white on their wings were least likely to blend in with the sooty background. c. Butterflies became more aggressive because their behaviors were altered by the toxins that were in the black soot. d. Butterflies morphed into moths because environmental conditions triggered an unfolding of a hidden gene. What is a reaction range? Provide an example to illustrate. A reaction range is a range of possible developmental paths established by genes; environment determines where development takes place within that range. Which of the following are examples of teratogens? a. calcium, iron, and iodine b. prenatal vitamins and micronutrients c. infectious diseases and malnutrition d. folic acid and iodine ____ is the basis of fine motor development, the deft movements of our hands that enable us to make a tool, pick up a small object, throw a weapon, or thread a needle. a. Binocular vision b. Bipedal motion