Bio 1500 Final Exam Mizzou ACTUAL Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What does it mean for a gene to be expressed? - CORRECT ANSWER - When the gene is
transcribed into mRNA and translated into AA
What does it mean for a gene to not be expressed? - CORRECT ANSWER - no
protein/amino acids are made and no transcription occurs
What does it mean for a gene to be turned on? - CORRECT ANSWER - transcription of
the gene occurs
What does it mean for a gene to be turned off? - CORRECT ANSWER - Transcription of
the gene does not occur
What does it mean for a gene to be upregulated? - CORRECT ANSWER - the cell
increases the quantity of mRNA/protein in response to external stimulus (more of)
What does it mean for a gene to be downregulated? - CORRECT ANSWER - the cell
decreases the quantity of mRNA/protein in response to external stimulus (less of)
what do regulatory genes do? - CORRECT ANSWER - control the expression of one or
more gene
what is a gene family? - CORRECT ANSWER - genes found on a small number of
chromosomes (3 for Globin family)
what is a protein family? - CORRECT ANSWER - proteins that have the same number if
on the same chromosome and are similar in structure
,What are the causes of gene duplication? - CORRECT ANSWER - unequal crossing over
during meiosis, duplication of the entire chromosome /chromosome pair, new genes can come
from mutations that replace start codons/viral genes.
What is the function of myoglobin? - CORRECT ANSWER - Stores O2 in endurance
muscles, times for high metabolic demand facilitates oxygen diffusion.
explain how the structure and the o2 binding properties of myoglobin relate to each other -
CORRECT ANSWER - Compared to hemoglobin the O2 dissociation curve is shifted to
the left meaning it has higher O2 affinity.
how does the binding of molecules other than O2 (e.g. CO, NO, H2O) to hemoglobin
affect the color of meat? - CORRECT ANSWER - CO2 causes smoked meat to turn pink,
myoglobin stores the O2 in muscle cells (responsible for color before during and after cooking
depending on how much myglobin is exposed to gas). Myoglobin brown = H20 binding instead
of O2, myoglobin pink = NO or CO binding.
why is meat color not necessarily an indicator of meat's freshness? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Meat in a packages use nitric acid (NO) for a bright pink color and if the meat
stays this color it means it is fresh because the HB is not binding to anything else.
what is the oxygen environment of the womb? - CORRECT ANSWER - Poor oxygen
environment/low Po2, therefor fetal blood mixes with O2 and deoxygenated blood from mom
lowering mom's overall po2
how does a fetus obtain oxygen? - CORRECT ANSWER - Obtains oxygen from mom's
blood being released to the fetal's umbilical artery and vein
What is the Hb-O2 dissociation curve like compared to adult Hb to fetal hemoglobin? -
CORRECT ANSWER - Fetal Hb has higher O2 affinity than adults (left shift)
How are the developmental changes in Hb related to gene duplication and to changes in gene
expression? - CORRECT ANSWER - Different Hb could be due to different tissue types
, How do you interpret evolutionary relationships in a phylogenetic tree? - CORRECT
ANSWER - DON'T count nodes, look at common ancestors for evolutionary relationships.
Same distance = same evolving time
what is a clade? - CORRECT ANSWER - All lineages connect together at a common
ancestor
Interpret traits in living species based on hypothesized gains or losses of a trait in a
phylogenetic tree - CORRECT ANSWER - Whether or not species are alive in a
phylogenic tree determines what traits will continue to pass on.
what is convergent evolution? - CORRECT ANSWER - when two different organisms
share the same phenotype/trait because they share similar way of life/pressures.
how do we know that the Hb adaptations of birds living at high altitudes in different parts of the
world is an example of convergent evolution? - CORRECT ANSWER - Different locations
but same adaptions due to same altitude pressures
what is the biological species concept? - CORRECT ANSWER - Species are a group of
organisms with the potential to breed with each other and produce live fertile offspring
What are the steps involved in the most common form of speciation? - CORRECT
ANSWER - 1. Population splits into two isolated groups
2. Genetic differences build up between populations due to different selective pressures
3. Populations become different enough to no longer reproduce successfully.
What are the chemical compounds most strongly implicated in climate change - CORRECT
ANSWER - Water vapor, co2, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What does it mean for a gene to be expressed? - CORRECT ANSWER - When the gene is
transcribed into mRNA and translated into AA
What does it mean for a gene to not be expressed? - CORRECT ANSWER - no
protein/amino acids are made and no transcription occurs
What does it mean for a gene to be turned on? - CORRECT ANSWER - transcription of
the gene occurs
What does it mean for a gene to be turned off? - CORRECT ANSWER - Transcription of
the gene does not occur
What does it mean for a gene to be upregulated? - CORRECT ANSWER - the cell
increases the quantity of mRNA/protein in response to external stimulus (more of)
What does it mean for a gene to be downregulated? - CORRECT ANSWER - the cell
decreases the quantity of mRNA/protein in response to external stimulus (less of)
what do regulatory genes do? - CORRECT ANSWER - control the expression of one or
more gene
what is a gene family? - CORRECT ANSWER - genes found on a small number of
chromosomes (3 for Globin family)
what is a protein family? - CORRECT ANSWER - proteins that have the same number if
on the same chromosome and are similar in structure
,What are the causes of gene duplication? - CORRECT ANSWER - unequal crossing over
during meiosis, duplication of the entire chromosome /chromosome pair, new genes can come
from mutations that replace start codons/viral genes.
What is the function of myoglobin? - CORRECT ANSWER - Stores O2 in endurance
muscles, times for high metabolic demand facilitates oxygen diffusion.
explain how the structure and the o2 binding properties of myoglobin relate to each other -
CORRECT ANSWER - Compared to hemoglobin the O2 dissociation curve is shifted to
the left meaning it has higher O2 affinity.
how does the binding of molecules other than O2 (e.g. CO, NO, H2O) to hemoglobin
affect the color of meat? - CORRECT ANSWER - CO2 causes smoked meat to turn pink,
myoglobin stores the O2 in muscle cells (responsible for color before during and after cooking
depending on how much myglobin is exposed to gas). Myoglobin brown = H20 binding instead
of O2, myoglobin pink = NO or CO binding.
why is meat color not necessarily an indicator of meat's freshness? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Meat in a packages use nitric acid (NO) for a bright pink color and if the meat
stays this color it means it is fresh because the HB is not binding to anything else.
what is the oxygen environment of the womb? - CORRECT ANSWER - Poor oxygen
environment/low Po2, therefor fetal blood mixes with O2 and deoxygenated blood from mom
lowering mom's overall po2
how does a fetus obtain oxygen? - CORRECT ANSWER - Obtains oxygen from mom's
blood being released to the fetal's umbilical artery and vein
What is the Hb-O2 dissociation curve like compared to adult Hb to fetal hemoglobin? -
CORRECT ANSWER - Fetal Hb has higher O2 affinity than adults (left shift)
How are the developmental changes in Hb related to gene duplication and to changes in gene
expression? - CORRECT ANSWER - Different Hb could be due to different tissue types
, How do you interpret evolutionary relationships in a phylogenetic tree? - CORRECT
ANSWER - DON'T count nodes, look at common ancestors for evolutionary relationships.
Same distance = same evolving time
what is a clade? - CORRECT ANSWER - All lineages connect together at a common
ancestor
Interpret traits in living species based on hypothesized gains or losses of a trait in a
phylogenetic tree - CORRECT ANSWER - Whether or not species are alive in a
phylogenic tree determines what traits will continue to pass on.
what is convergent evolution? - CORRECT ANSWER - when two different organisms
share the same phenotype/trait because they share similar way of life/pressures.
how do we know that the Hb adaptations of birds living at high altitudes in different parts of the
world is an example of convergent evolution? - CORRECT ANSWER - Different locations
but same adaptions due to same altitude pressures
what is the biological species concept? - CORRECT ANSWER - Species are a group of
organisms with the potential to breed with each other and produce live fertile offspring
What are the steps involved in the most common form of speciation? - CORRECT
ANSWER - 1. Population splits into two isolated groups
2. Genetic differences build up between populations due to different selective pressures
3. Populations become different enough to no longer reproduce successfully.
What are the chemical compounds most strongly implicated in climate change - CORRECT
ANSWER - Water vapor, co2, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons
