,
,
,Section: 1.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
14) Tetherin is an important protein produced by the host. What is the function of tetherin in
protecting a host cell from HIV?
A) ties maturing virions to the membrane of the host cell, thereby preventing the release of the
mature virus
B) binds the virus to the external host cell membrane, thereby preventing the virus from entering
the host cell
C) binds the viral RNA to reverse transcriptase, thus preventing synthesis of the viral DNA
D) binds the two viral RNA strands together, thus preventing the transcription of viral DNA in
the host cell
E) causes the maturing virions to aggregate together, thus preventing their release from the host
cell
Answer: A
Section: 1.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
15) Early in the infection with HIV, most virions bind to the host cell using CCR5 as a
coreceptor. As the infection progresses, the HIV population evolves to use an alternate
coreceptor. What is the alternate coreceptor these X4 viruses utilize?
A) Tetherin
B) CCR5α
C) vpu
D) TRIM5α
E) CXCR4
Answer: E
Section: 1.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
16) In what region of the world is the incidence of infection with HIV highest?
Answer: Sub-Saharan Africa
Section: 1.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
17) Originally, HIV was thought to be restricted to transmission during homosexual contact
between gay men. List other ways in which HIV is currently known to be transmitted.
Answer: HIV can be transmitted by heterosexual sex, oral sex, needle sharing, transfusion with
contaminated blood products, other unsafe medical procedures, childbirth and breast-feeding.
Section: 1.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
18) What does the acronym AIDS stand for?
Answer: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Section: 1.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
4
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
,19) What viral coat protein typically binds first to the CD4 receptor on helper T cells?
Answer: gp120
Section: 1.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
20) When AZT is used to treat HIV infections, why does resistance to AZT usually develop?
Answer: Mutations present in the viral population, due to the lack of proofreading and high error
rate of the viral reverse transcriptase, enable mutant virions to discriminate against the
incorporation of AZT during transcription.
Section: 1.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
21) It has been observed that viral particles often revert (back mutate to non-AZT-resistant
populations when treatment with AZT is discontinued. What is the most likely reason for this
observation?
Answer: There is no more selective pressure applied to the viral population, and in the absence
of AZT the viral particles that reproduce most efficiently have not evolved enough to have the
ability to discriminate against AZT.
Section: 1.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
22) What is the molecular mechanism by which reverse transcriptase inhibitors, such as AZT,
prevent viral replication?
Answer: These molecules are analogues of the nucleotide building blocks of DNA, and typically
prevent binding or elongation of the of the transcribed DNA molecule.
Section: 1.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
23) In what host cell protein is the Δ32 mutation found, and what type of mutation is this?
Answer: The Δ32 mutation is found in the CCR5 coreceptor on CD4 helper T cells, and is a 32-
base pair deletion.
Section: 1.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
5
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
,24) Explain the phylogenetic relationship between humans, chimpanzees, and monkeys in the
transmission of the current predominant deadly strain in humans, HIV-1.
Answer: HIV-1 is believed to have originated in monkeys as an SIV (simian immunodeficiency
virus); SIV was passed from monkeys to chimpanzees, and SIV was passed to and mutated into
HIV-1 sometime around 1930.
Section: 1.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
25) Explain the mechanism HIV uses to avoid destruction by antibodies present in the human
immune system.
Answer: The virus is constantly mutating its surface proteins, and these frequent changes in
epitopes on the viral surface prevent the host cell from being able to recognize the virus over
time.
Section: 1.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
26) Following long periods of infection with HIV, an X4 strain often evolves. What evolutionary
advantage does the X4 strain confer on the viral population, and what specific protein does this
strain interact with?
Answer: The evolutionary advantage of this strain is that it can infect a different population of T
cells. The alternate population of T cells contains the coreceptor CXCR4 instead of the CCR5
coreceptor.
Section: 1.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
27) What is the function of the product of the viral gene vpu in human infections of HIV?
Answer: The viral gene vpu (in a similar manner to the viral protein nef) blocks the action of the
host protein tetherin, which normally adheres to viral particles and attaches them to the host cell
membrane and prevents their release.
Section: 1.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
28) What steps are involved in producing the HIV GP120 protein? List all processes and host
cellular structures involved from the point of initial infection with viral RNA to the production of
the mature virion outside of the host cell.
Section: 1.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
29) Highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) have become the treatment method of choice
in treating human HIV infections. What is required for a treatment to be classified as HAART,
and why have these treatments proven so effective in the treatment of HIV infections?
Section: 1.2
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
6
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
,30) If an individual is infected with HIV that goes undetected and untreated, the infection
follows a standard clinical course of progression. Explain the three sequential phases of untreated
HIV infection, the approximate times over which these phases occur, and the corresponding
levels of both HIV RNA and CD4 T cells circulating in the host bloodstream.
Section: 1.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Evolutionary Analysis, 5e (Herron/Freeman)
Chapter 2 The Pattern of Evolution
1) In response to environmental conditions, the average beak size in a population of birds may
change between successive generations. This process of change is referred to as ________.
A) macroevolution
B) sequestration
C) speciation
D) coalescence
E) microevolution
Answer: E
Section: 2.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
2) After several generations of selectively breeding mice in a laboratory, Ted Garland and his
colleagues established populations of mice that voluntarily chose to run great distances on
exercise wheels. The process of establishing these populations of mice is termed ________.
A) natural selection
B) artificial selection
C) population selection
D) experimental selection
E) random selection
Answer: B
Section: 2.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
3) A useless or rudimentary body part that is thought to have been important in ancestral
populations but no longer has a known function is termed a(n) ________.
A) evolved structure
B) terminal structure
C) vestigial structure
D) residual structure
Answer: C
Section: 2.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
4) The coccyx, a tiny tailbone found in humans, is believed to be a ________ structure.
7
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
,A) terminated
B) vestigial
C) rudimentary
D) redundant
Answer: B
Section: 2.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
8
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
,5) The biological species concept, formalized by Ernst Mayr in 1942, defined a species as a
________.
A) group of individuals that inhabit the same location
B) group of individuals with similar morphological characteristics
C) population within and among which individuals actually or potentially interbreed and outside
of which they do not interbreed
D) group of individuals who share similar allelic frequencies
E) population of individuals within and among which reproduction takes place frequently
Answer: C
Section: 2.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
6) Andrew Hendry and colleagues demonstrated that the process of speciation is gradual by
studying the distribution and variation in gill raker length in ________.
A) brook trout
B) aquatic copepods
C) salmonids
D) threespine sticklebacks
E) razorfish
Answer: D
Section: 2.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
7) The comparative anatomist Georges Cuvier confirmed the concept of extinction in 1812 when
he demonstrated that there were no extant species anatomically related to the fossilized remains
of the ________.
A) mastodon
B) Irish elk
C) pygmy armadillo
D) giant vampire bat
E) Arctic lemming
Answer: B
Section: 2.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
8) The transitional fossil Archaeopteryx shows a combination of traits consistent with the
hypothesis that it shared a common ancestor with ________.
A) dinosaurs and bats
B) hippos and whales
C) reptiles and birds
D) dinosaurs and birds
Answer: D
Section: 2.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
9
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
, 9) Large evolutionary changes that result in the placement of related organisms into different
genera or higher-level taxa occur via the process of ________.
A) speciation
B) macroevolution
C) microevolution
D) independent evolution
E) evolutionary differentiation
Answer: B
Section: 2.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
10) Anatomical features that show an underlying structural similarity even though their
superficial structure is different are termed ________ structures.
A) homoplasic
B) homologous
C) symplasic
D) dependent
Answer: B
Section: 2.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
11) Nonfunctional copies of normal genes, which lack both introns and promoters, and are
important in estimating evolutionary ages of phylogenetic relationships, are ________.
A) transgenes
B) retrotransposons
C) processed retrogenes
D) processed pseudogenes
E) duplicated pseudogenes
Answer: D
Section: 2.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
12) Processed pseudogenes are useful for testing Darwin's theory of descent with modification
because they ________.
A) can be utilized for examining phylogenetic relationships among asexually reproducing
organisms
B) demonstrate phylogenetic relationships of divergence because they do not accumulate
mutations
C) accumulate mutations at a constant rate, and thus older processed pseudogenes should be
shared by a greater variety of species
D) are distributed in organisms that are found in similar environments
Answer: C
Section: 2.4
Skill: Application/Analysis
10
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
,
,Section: 1.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
14) Tetherin is an important protein produced by the host. What is the function of tetherin in
protecting a host cell from HIV?
A) ties maturing virions to the membrane of the host cell, thereby preventing the release of the
mature virus
B) binds the virus to the external host cell membrane, thereby preventing the virus from entering
the host cell
C) binds the viral RNA to reverse transcriptase, thus preventing synthesis of the viral DNA
D) binds the two viral RNA strands together, thus preventing the transcription of viral DNA in
the host cell
E) causes the maturing virions to aggregate together, thus preventing their release from the host
cell
Answer: A
Section: 1.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
15) Early in the infection with HIV, most virions bind to the host cell using CCR5 as a
coreceptor. As the infection progresses, the HIV population evolves to use an alternate
coreceptor. What is the alternate coreceptor these X4 viruses utilize?
A) Tetherin
B) CCR5α
C) vpu
D) TRIM5α
E) CXCR4
Answer: E
Section: 1.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
16) In what region of the world is the incidence of infection with HIV highest?
Answer: Sub-Saharan Africa
Section: 1.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
17) Originally, HIV was thought to be restricted to transmission during homosexual contact
between gay men. List other ways in which HIV is currently known to be transmitted.
Answer: HIV can be transmitted by heterosexual sex, oral sex, needle sharing, transfusion with
contaminated blood products, other unsafe medical procedures, childbirth and breast-feeding.
Section: 1.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
18) What does the acronym AIDS stand for?
Answer: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Section: 1.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
4
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
,19) What viral coat protein typically binds first to the CD4 receptor on helper T cells?
Answer: gp120
Section: 1.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
20) When AZT is used to treat HIV infections, why does resistance to AZT usually develop?
Answer: Mutations present in the viral population, due to the lack of proofreading and high error
rate of the viral reverse transcriptase, enable mutant virions to discriminate against the
incorporation of AZT during transcription.
Section: 1.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
21) It has been observed that viral particles often revert (back mutate to non-AZT-resistant
populations when treatment with AZT is discontinued. What is the most likely reason for this
observation?
Answer: There is no more selective pressure applied to the viral population, and in the absence
of AZT the viral particles that reproduce most efficiently have not evolved enough to have the
ability to discriminate against AZT.
Section: 1.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
22) What is the molecular mechanism by which reverse transcriptase inhibitors, such as AZT,
prevent viral replication?
Answer: These molecules are analogues of the nucleotide building blocks of DNA, and typically
prevent binding or elongation of the of the transcribed DNA molecule.
Section: 1.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
23) In what host cell protein is the Δ32 mutation found, and what type of mutation is this?
Answer: The Δ32 mutation is found in the CCR5 coreceptor on CD4 helper T cells, and is a 32-
base pair deletion.
Section: 1.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
5
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
,24) Explain the phylogenetic relationship between humans, chimpanzees, and monkeys in the
transmission of the current predominant deadly strain in humans, HIV-1.
Answer: HIV-1 is believed to have originated in monkeys as an SIV (simian immunodeficiency
virus); SIV was passed from monkeys to chimpanzees, and SIV was passed to and mutated into
HIV-1 sometime around 1930.
Section: 1.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
25) Explain the mechanism HIV uses to avoid destruction by antibodies present in the human
immune system.
Answer: The virus is constantly mutating its surface proteins, and these frequent changes in
epitopes on the viral surface prevent the host cell from being able to recognize the virus over
time.
Section: 1.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
26) Following long periods of infection with HIV, an X4 strain often evolves. What evolutionary
advantage does the X4 strain confer on the viral population, and what specific protein does this
strain interact with?
Answer: The evolutionary advantage of this strain is that it can infect a different population of T
cells. The alternate population of T cells contains the coreceptor CXCR4 instead of the CCR5
coreceptor.
Section: 1.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
27) What is the function of the product of the viral gene vpu in human infections of HIV?
Answer: The viral gene vpu (in a similar manner to the viral protein nef) blocks the action of the
host protein tetherin, which normally adheres to viral particles and attaches them to the host cell
membrane and prevents their release.
Section: 1.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
28) What steps are involved in producing the HIV GP120 protein? List all processes and host
cellular structures involved from the point of initial infection with viral RNA to the production of
the mature virion outside of the host cell.
Section: 1.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
29) Highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) have become the treatment method of choice
in treating human HIV infections. What is required for a treatment to be classified as HAART,
and why have these treatments proven so effective in the treatment of HIV infections?
Section: 1.2
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
6
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
,30) If an individual is infected with HIV that goes undetected and untreated, the infection
follows a standard clinical course of progression. Explain the three sequential phases of untreated
HIV infection, the approximate times over which these phases occur, and the corresponding
levels of both HIV RNA and CD4 T cells circulating in the host bloodstream.
Section: 1.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Evolutionary Analysis, 5e (Herron/Freeman)
Chapter 2 The Pattern of Evolution
1) In response to environmental conditions, the average beak size in a population of birds may
change between successive generations. This process of change is referred to as ________.
A) macroevolution
B) sequestration
C) speciation
D) coalescence
E) microevolution
Answer: E
Section: 2.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
2) After several generations of selectively breeding mice in a laboratory, Ted Garland and his
colleagues established populations of mice that voluntarily chose to run great distances on
exercise wheels. The process of establishing these populations of mice is termed ________.
A) natural selection
B) artificial selection
C) population selection
D) experimental selection
E) random selection
Answer: B
Section: 2.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
3) A useless or rudimentary body part that is thought to have been important in ancestral
populations but no longer has a known function is termed a(n) ________.
A) evolved structure
B) terminal structure
C) vestigial structure
D) residual structure
Answer: C
Section: 2.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
4) The coccyx, a tiny tailbone found in humans, is believed to be a ________ structure.
7
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
,A) terminated
B) vestigial
C) rudimentary
D) redundant
Answer: B
Section: 2.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
8
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
,5) The biological species concept, formalized by Ernst Mayr in 1942, defined a species as a
________.
A) group of individuals that inhabit the same location
B) group of individuals with similar morphological characteristics
C) population within and among which individuals actually or potentially interbreed and outside
of which they do not interbreed
D) group of individuals who share similar allelic frequencies
E) population of individuals within and among which reproduction takes place frequently
Answer: C
Section: 2.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
6) Andrew Hendry and colleagues demonstrated that the process of speciation is gradual by
studying the distribution and variation in gill raker length in ________.
A) brook trout
B) aquatic copepods
C) salmonids
D) threespine sticklebacks
E) razorfish
Answer: D
Section: 2.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
7) The comparative anatomist Georges Cuvier confirmed the concept of extinction in 1812 when
he demonstrated that there were no extant species anatomically related to the fossilized remains
of the ________.
A) mastodon
B) Irish elk
C) pygmy armadillo
D) giant vampire bat
E) Arctic lemming
Answer: B
Section: 2.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
8) The transitional fossil Archaeopteryx shows a combination of traits consistent with the
hypothesis that it shared a common ancestor with ________.
A) dinosaurs and bats
B) hippos and whales
C) reptiles and birds
D) dinosaurs and birds
Answer: D
Section: 2.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
9
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
, 9) Large evolutionary changes that result in the placement of related organisms into different
genera or higher-level taxa occur via the process of ________.
A) speciation
B) macroevolution
C) microevolution
D) independent evolution
E) evolutionary differentiation
Answer: B
Section: 2.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
10) Anatomical features that show an underlying structural similarity even though their
superficial structure is different are termed ________ structures.
A) homoplasic
B) homologous
C) symplasic
D) dependent
Answer: B
Section: 2.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
11) Nonfunctional copies of normal genes, which lack both introns and promoters, and are
important in estimating evolutionary ages of phylogenetic relationships, are ________.
A) transgenes
B) retrotransposons
C) processed retrogenes
D) processed pseudogenes
E) duplicated pseudogenes
Answer: D
Section: 2.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
12) Processed pseudogenes are useful for testing Darwin's theory of descent with modification
because they ________.
A) can be utilized for examining phylogenetic relationships among asexually reproducing
organisms
B) demonstrate phylogenetic relationships of divergence because they do not accumulate
mutations
C) accumulate mutations at a constant rate, and thus older processed pseudogenes should be
shared by a greater variety of species
D) are distributed in organisms that are found in similar environments
Answer: C
Section: 2.4
Skill: Application/Analysis
10
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
