BIOS 4400 Exam 1 Prep 100% Verified!!
Superior
"above the"
Inferior
"below the"
Anterior
front of the body
Ventral
the back or upper side of the body
Dorsal
the front or lower side of the body
Proximal
Closer to the origin of a body part or point of attachment.
Distal
Farther from the origin of a body part or point of attachment.
Rostral
,This term refers to a direction towards the front of the brain or head.
Caudal
This term refers to a direction towards the tail or back of the body. It comes from the
Latin word "cauda," meaning "tail."
Sagittal Plane
divides body into left and right
Coronal
divides the body from front to back
Transverse
divides body into upper and lower parts
Central Nervous System
brain and spinal cord
Cerebrum
higher brain functions like thinking, memory, and voluntary movement.
Cerebellum
balance and coordination
Brainstem
connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls vital functions like heart rate,
breathing, and basic reflexes
,Spinal Cord
connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls vital functions like heart rate,
breathing, and basic reflexes
Peripheral Nervous System
nerves and ganglia outside the CNS
Nerves
bundles of axons that transmit signals between the CNS and the rest of the body
Ganglia
Clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS
Functions of PNS
transmits sensory information
carries motor commands from CNS to muscles
regulates involuntary functions such as heart rate through autonomic nervous system
(sympathetic and parasympathetic)
Glial Cells
support cells in the nervous system. there are several types
Astrocytes
Star-shaped cells that provide structural support, regulate blood flow to neurons,
maintain the blood-brain barrier, and help with the repair and scarring of the brain and
spinal cord.
, Oligodendrocytes
(CNS) glial cells that produce myelin that insulates axons and speeds up transmission of
electrical signals
Schwann Cells
(PNS) cells that produce myelin and wraps around axons
Microglia
brain's immune cells; removes debris and responds to injury
Ependymal Cells
lines the ventricles in the brain and spinal cord and helps produce and circulate
cerebrospinal fluid
Neurogenesis
the formation of new neurons
Neural Tube
an embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain,
midbrain, and hindbrain
Where does the Neural Tube originate from?
ectoderm
Process of Neurulation
1. Notochord (Mesodermal) stimulates ectoderm to thicken
(Forming neural plate)
Superior
"above the"
Inferior
"below the"
Anterior
front of the body
Ventral
the back or upper side of the body
Dorsal
the front or lower side of the body
Proximal
Closer to the origin of a body part or point of attachment.
Distal
Farther from the origin of a body part or point of attachment.
Rostral
,This term refers to a direction towards the front of the brain or head.
Caudal
This term refers to a direction towards the tail or back of the body. It comes from the
Latin word "cauda," meaning "tail."
Sagittal Plane
divides body into left and right
Coronal
divides the body from front to back
Transverse
divides body into upper and lower parts
Central Nervous System
brain and spinal cord
Cerebrum
higher brain functions like thinking, memory, and voluntary movement.
Cerebellum
balance and coordination
Brainstem
connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls vital functions like heart rate,
breathing, and basic reflexes
,Spinal Cord
connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls vital functions like heart rate,
breathing, and basic reflexes
Peripheral Nervous System
nerves and ganglia outside the CNS
Nerves
bundles of axons that transmit signals between the CNS and the rest of the body
Ganglia
Clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS
Functions of PNS
transmits sensory information
carries motor commands from CNS to muscles
regulates involuntary functions such as heart rate through autonomic nervous system
(sympathetic and parasympathetic)
Glial Cells
support cells in the nervous system. there are several types
Astrocytes
Star-shaped cells that provide structural support, regulate blood flow to neurons,
maintain the blood-brain barrier, and help with the repair and scarring of the brain and
spinal cord.
, Oligodendrocytes
(CNS) glial cells that produce myelin that insulates axons and speeds up transmission of
electrical signals
Schwann Cells
(PNS) cells that produce myelin and wraps around axons
Microglia
brain's immune cells; removes debris and responds to injury
Ependymal Cells
lines the ventricles in the brain and spinal cord and helps produce and circulate
cerebrospinal fluid
Neurogenesis
the formation of new neurons
Neural Tube
an embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain,
midbrain, and hindbrain
Where does the Neural Tube originate from?
ectoderm
Process of Neurulation
1. Notochord (Mesodermal) stimulates ectoderm to thicken
(Forming neural plate)
