Pharm Tox Final Exam UPDATED Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What has long been a mainstay of regimens for either ovarian stimulation or in vitro
fertilization? - CORRECT ANSWER - FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
What formulations contain roughly an equal amount of FSH and LH, as well as a number of
other urinary proteins, and were administered intramuscularly to diminish local reactions? -
CORRECT ANSWER - Menotropins
What is prepared by immunoconcentration of FSH with monoclonal antibodies and is pure
enough to be administered subcutaneously? - CORRECT ANSWER - Urofollitropin (the
amount of LH contained in such preparations is diminished considerably)
What are the 2 available recombinant FSH preparations? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Follitropin alpha, Follitropin beta
___________________ is prepared by expressing cDNAs encoding the alpha and beta subunits
of human FSH in mammalinan cell lines, yielding products whose glycosylation pattern mimics
that of FSH produced by gonadotropes. - CORRECT ANSWER - Recombinant FSH
Follitropin alpha and follitropin beta differ slightly in their ___________ structures. - CORRECT
ANSWER - carbohydrate (both are more pure and exhibit less interbatch variability than
do preparations purified from urine)
Recombinant FSH can be administered how? - CORRECT ANSWER - subcutaneously
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) used clinically originally came from the urine of who? -
CORRECT ANSWER - pregnant women (recombinant hCG is also used clinically)
True or False: LH was not used for ovulation induction because hCG produced identical effects
via the LH receptor and had a longer half-life. - CORRECT ANSWER - True
,The placenta produces a significant amount of ________, which can be detected in maternal
urine. - CORRECT ANSWER - hCG
Ovulation occurs about how many hours after the onset of the LH surge? - CORRECT
ANSWER - 36
Low or undetectable levels of LH and FSH are indicative of __________________ and suggest
hypothalamic or pituitary disease, whereas high levels of gonadotropins suggest primary gonadal
diseases. - CORRECT ANSWER - hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
A high plasma FSH level (>10-12mlU/mL) on day 3 of the menstrual cycle is associated with
what? - CORRECT ANSWER - reduced fertility
Elevated FSH levels are diagnostic of _______________ in women with amenorrhea in the
appropriate age range. - CORRECT ANSWER - menopause
In men with impaired fertility secondary to gonadotropin deficiency, what can be administered
IM or SQ 3 times per week to establish gonadotropins and restore fertility? - CORRECT
ANSWER - hCG (if spermatogenesis does not occur with hCG alone, then recombinant
FSH is added to fully induce spermatogenesis)
What is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Cryptorchidism
Cryptorchid tested have defective spermatogenesis are at increased risk for developing what? -
CORRECT ANSWER - germ cell tumors
Anterior or Posterior: Oxytocin and Vasopressin are ______________ pituitary hormones. -
CORRECT ANSWER - posterior
, Oxytocin is synthesized as a larger precursor in neurons with cell bodies residing where? -
CORRECT ANSWER - paraventricular nucleus (supraoptic nucleus to a lesser extent)
Oxytocin acts via OXTR in the human myometrium. What type of receptor is OXTR? -
CORRECT ANSWER - GPCR
Gq, Gs, Gi: OXTR couples to what? - CORRECT ANSWER - Gq (activates PLC/IP3/Ca
pathway and enhances activation of voltage sensitive Ca channels) (stimulates muscle
contraction)
True or False: Oxytocin increases local prostaglandin production. - CORRECT
ANSWER - True (further stimulates uterine contraction)
Oxytocin secretion arises from dilation of what? (2) - CORRECT ANSWER - cervix,
vagina (also from suckling at the breast)
Increased oxytocin in maternal circulation is detected in what stage of labor? - CORRECT
ANSWER - 2nd (likely triggered by sustained distension of the uterine cervix and vagina)
True or False: Estradiol stimulates oxytocin secretion, whereas the ovarian polypeptide relaxin
inhibits its release. - CORRECT ANSWER - True
Name 3 sites of oxytocin action - CORRECT ANSWER - uterus, breast, brain
True or False: Oxytocin inhibits the frequency and force of uterine contractions. - CORRECT
ANSWER - FALSE (oxytocin STIMULATES the frequency and force of uterine
contractions)
True or False: Estrogen increases the expression of the OXTRs. - CORRECT ANSWER -
True
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What has long been a mainstay of regimens for either ovarian stimulation or in vitro
fertilization? - CORRECT ANSWER - FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
What formulations contain roughly an equal amount of FSH and LH, as well as a number of
other urinary proteins, and were administered intramuscularly to diminish local reactions? -
CORRECT ANSWER - Menotropins
What is prepared by immunoconcentration of FSH with monoclonal antibodies and is pure
enough to be administered subcutaneously? - CORRECT ANSWER - Urofollitropin (the
amount of LH contained in such preparations is diminished considerably)
What are the 2 available recombinant FSH preparations? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Follitropin alpha, Follitropin beta
___________________ is prepared by expressing cDNAs encoding the alpha and beta subunits
of human FSH in mammalinan cell lines, yielding products whose glycosylation pattern mimics
that of FSH produced by gonadotropes. - CORRECT ANSWER - Recombinant FSH
Follitropin alpha and follitropin beta differ slightly in their ___________ structures. - CORRECT
ANSWER - carbohydrate (both are more pure and exhibit less interbatch variability than
do preparations purified from urine)
Recombinant FSH can be administered how? - CORRECT ANSWER - subcutaneously
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) used clinically originally came from the urine of who? -
CORRECT ANSWER - pregnant women (recombinant hCG is also used clinically)
True or False: LH was not used for ovulation induction because hCG produced identical effects
via the LH receptor and had a longer half-life. - CORRECT ANSWER - True
,The placenta produces a significant amount of ________, which can be detected in maternal
urine. - CORRECT ANSWER - hCG
Ovulation occurs about how many hours after the onset of the LH surge? - CORRECT
ANSWER - 36
Low or undetectable levels of LH and FSH are indicative of __________________ and suggest
hypothalamic or pituitary disease, whereas high levels of gonadotropins suggest primary gonadal
diseases. - CORRECT ANSWER - hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
A high plasma FSH level (>10-12mlU/mL) on day 3 of the menstrual cycle is associated with
what? - CORRECT ANSWER - reduced fertility
Elevated FSH levels are diagnostic of _______________ in women with amenorrhea in the
appropriate age range. - CORRECT ANSWER - menopause
In men with impaired fertility secondary to gonadotropin deficiency, what can be administered
IM or SQ 3 times per week to establish gonadotropins and restore fertility? - CORRECT
ANSWER - hCG (if spermatogenesis does not occur with hCG alone, then recombinant
FSH is added to fully induce spermatogenesis)
What is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Cryptorchidism
Cryptorchid tested have defective spermatogenesis are at increased risk for developing what? -
CORRECT ANSWER - germ cell tumors
Anterior or Posterior: Oxytocin and Vasopressin are ______________ pituitary hormones. -
CORRECT ANSWER - posterior
, Oxytocin is synthesized as a larger precursor in neurons with cell bodies residing where? -
CORRECT ANSWER - paraventricular nucleus (supraoptic nucleus to a lesser extent)
Oxytocin acts via OXTR in the human myometrium. What type of receptor is OXTR? -
CORRECT ANSWER - GPCR
Gq, Gs, Gi: OXTR couples to what? - CORRECT ANSWER - Gq (activates PLC/IP3/Ca
pathway and enhances activation of voltage sensitive Ca channels) (stimulates muscle
contraction)
True or False: Oxytocin increases local prostaglandin production. - CORRECT
ANSWER - True (further stimulates uterine contraction)
Oxytocin secretion arises from dilation of what? (2) - CORRECT ANSWER - cervix,
vagina (also from suckling at the breast)
Increased oxytocin in maternal circulation is detected in what stage of labor? - CORRECT
ANSWER - 2nd (likely triggered by sustained distension of the uterine cervix and vagina)
True or False: Estradiol stimulates oxytocin secretion, whereas the ovarian polypeptide relaxin
inhibits its release. - CORRECT ANSWER - True
Name 3 sites of oxytocin action - CORRECT ANSWER - uterus, breast, brain
True or False: Oxytocin inhibits the frequency and force of uterine contractions. - CORRECT
ANSWER - FALSE (oxytocin STIMULATES the frequency and force of uterine
contractions)
True or False: Estrogen increases the expression of the OXTRs. - CORRECT ANSWER -
True
