Year 12 ATAR Human Biology
Biotechnology Exam Questions and
Answers
Human Genome - Correct Answers -all of the DNA of the human species; complete
sequence of nucleotides that make up the genes in our chromosomes
What is DNA sequencing? - Correct Answers -A process in which exact sequence of
nucleotides in a DNA segment is determined
What are the steps of Polymerase Chain Reaction? - Correct Answers -1. Denaturation:
DNA is heated to ~96 degrees to seperate strands
2. Annealing: DNA= cooled to ~55 degrees, and DNA primer is added to end of strands
3. Extension: the mixture is heated to ~72 degrees to allow TAQ polymerase to extend
the strand with free nucleotides
This results in two new identical strands of DNA- the process is repeated over 30 times
What is recombinant DNA technology? - Correct Answers -Techniques that allow the
transfer of genetic material from one organism to another and deliberately alter DNA to
achieve a desired characteristic
How is recombinant DNA made? - Correct Answers -1. A restriction enzyme is used to
cut out the desired isolated gene from a strand of DNA.
2. The same restriction enzyme is used to make cuts in the plasmid (or other vector).
3. The sticky ends of the opened plasmid base pair with the sticky ends of the gene.
4. The gene and plasmid are "spliced" together using an enzyme called DNA ligase.
5. The vector is treated to take up the rDNA
6. It will then multiply, producing large amounts of the desired gene
What are the steps of Sanger Sequencing? - Correct Answers -1. Denaturation: DNA is
heated to seperate strands
2. Annealing: DNA= cooled, and DNA primer is added
3. Extension: primer attaches free nucleotides to itself to extend the complementary
strand
4. Termination: dyed 'dideoxynucleotides' are randomly attached and terminate the
sequence.
A dyed nucleotide will attach at every step of the process thus resulting in different
length fragments that can determine the DNA sequence
Biotechnology Exam Questions and
Answers
Human Genome - Correct Answers -all of the DNA of the human species; complete
sequence of nucleotides that make up the genes in our chromosomes
What is DNA sequencing? - Correct Answers -A process in which exact sequence of
nucleotides in a DNA segment is determined
What are the steps of Polymerase Chain Reaction? - Correct Answers -1. Denaturation:
DNA is heated to ~96 degrees to seperate strands
2. Annealing: DNA= cooled to ~55 degrees, and DNA primer is added to end of strands
3. Extension: the mixture is heated to ~72 degrees to allow TAQ polymerase to extend
the strand with free nucleotides
This results in two new identical strands of DNA- the process is repeated over 30 times
What is recombinant DNA technology? - Correct Answers -Techniques that allow the
transfer of genetic material from one organism to another and deliberately alter DNA to
achieve a desired characteristic
How is recombinant DNA made? - Correct Answers -1. A restriction enzyme is used to
cut out the desired isolated gene from a strand of DNA.
2. The same restriction enzyme is used to make cuts in the plasmid (or other vector).
3. The sticky ends of the opened plasmid base pair with the sticky ends of the gene.
4. The gene and plasmid are "spliced" together using an enzyme called DNA ligase.
5. The vector is treated to take up the rDNA
6. It will then multiply, producing large amounts of the desired gene
What are the steps of Sanger Sequencing? - Correct Answers -1. Denaturation: DNA is
heated to seperate strands
2. Annealing: DNA= cooled, and DNA primer is added
3. Extension: primer attaches free nucleotides to itself to extend the complementary
strand
4. Termination: dyed 'dideoxynucleotides' are randomly attached and terminate the
sequence.
A dyed nucleotide will attach at every step of the process thus resulting in different
length fragments that can determine the DNA sequence
