YEAR 11 HUMAN BIOLOGY ATAR EXAM
SEM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Cel membrane structure + function - Correct Answers -- determines what comes in and
out
- separates from neighboring cells and the external environment
cytoplasm structure + function - Correct Answers -- contains cytosol + organelles
- jelly - watery substance
- controls what comes in and out of the cell
- fills space between nuclear membrane and cell membrane
cytosol structure + function - Correct Answers -75 - 90% water
- controls osmotic pressure
- dissolved salts + carbohydrates
- fats + proteins suspended in cytosol
- where most metabolic reactions occur
nucleus structure and function - Correct Answers -- separated from the cytoplasm by
nuclear membrane
- contains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the nucleolus which is also where some
proteins are manufactured
how is gas exchanged in alveoli - Correct Answers -- high concentration of O2 and low
concentration of CO2 in the alveoli
- high concentration of CO2 and low concentration of O2 in capillaries.
- gases flow along concentration gradient to achieve equilibirum
composition of gas being inhaled and exhaled - Correct Answers -inhaled: 21% oxygen,
0.04% carbon dioxide
exhaled: 16.4% oxygen, 4.4% carbon dioxide
mechanics of breathing - Correct Answers -inspiration - diaphragm contracts to flatten,
intercostal muscles contract to bring ribs up and outwards. Volume of lungs increase,
therefore pressure decreases and air lows into the lungs
expiation - diaphragm relaxes and bulges into chest cavity, intercostal muscles relax to
bring rib cage dow and inwards. Decreases the volume of the lungs, therefore increases
the pressure and as a result air flows out of the lungs
, ribosomes structure and function - Correct Answers -- the site of protein synthesis
where amino acids join to form proteins
- can be free floating or connected to membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum structure and function - Correct Answers -- connects nuclear
membrane to cell membrane
- can be rough (ribosomes attached) or smooth
- surface provides a site for chemical reactions to take place
- channels allow movement and storage of molecules
golgi body / apparatus structure and function - Correct Answers -- looks like a series of
flattened membranes stacked on top of one another
- modifies proteins
- packages and secretes proteins (vesicles)
- receives proteins from ribosomes via the endoplasmic reticulum
lysosomes structure and function - Correct Answers -- contains digestive enzymes that
break down large molecules
- can join with vesicles to break down contents of vesicle
- breaks down worn out organelles
mitochondria structure and function - Correct Answers -- the site of cellular respiration
- it has a double membrane: the inner membrane is highly folded and convoluted which
increases the surface area available for cellular respiration
order of human systems - Correct Answers -cell --> tissue (e.g. muscular) --> organ
(e.g. heart) --> system (e.g. digestive system)
what are the 4 types of tissues? - Correct Answers -1. Epithelial
2. Muscular (skeletal, smooth + cardiac)
3. Nervous
4. connective
epithelial tissue - Correct Answers -A covering/lining tissue
function - protection
the cells in epithelial tissue are very close together and tightly packed to prevent the
entry of unwanted material.
1. squamous - usually lines blood vessels and body cavities. Regulate entry of material
into underlying tissue e.g. alveoli
2. columnar - long and thin cells e.g. small intestine, kidney
3. ciliated - microscopic hairs projecting from the epithelial tissue that increase surface
area. e.g. trachea lining
connective tissue - Correct Answers -function - provides support and holds body parts
together
cells are not close together
SEM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Cel membrane structure + function - Correct Answers -- determines what comes in and
out
- separates from neighboring cells and the external environment
cytoplasm structure + function - Correct Answers -- contains cytosol + organelles
- jelly - watery substance
- controls what comes in and out of the cell
- fills space between nuclear membrane and cell membrane
cytosol structure + function - Correct Answers -75 - 90% water
- controls osmotic pressure
- dissolved salts + carbohydrates
- fats + proteins suspended in cytosol
- where most metabolic reactions occur
nucleus structure and function - Correct Answers -- separated from the cytoplasm by
nuclear membrane
- contains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the nucleolus which is also where some
proteins are manufactured
how is gas exchanged in alveoli - Correct Answers -- high concentration of O2 and low
concentration of CO2 in the alveoli
- high concentration of CO2 and low concentration of O2 in capillaries.
- gases flow along concentration gradient to achieve equilibirum
composition of gas being inhaled and exhaled - Correct Answers -inhaled: 21% oxygen,
0.04% carbon dioxide
exhaled: 16.4% oxygen, 4.4% carbon dioxide
mechanics of breathing - Correct Answers -inspiration - diaphragm contracts to flatten,
intercostal muscles contract to bring ribs up and outwards. Volume of lungs increase,
therefore pressure decreases and air lows into the lungs
expiation - diaphragm relaxes and bulges into chest cavity, intercostal muscles relax to
bring rib cage dow and inwards. Decreases the volume of the lungs, therefore increases
the pressure and as a result air flows out of the lungs
, ribosomes structure and function - Correct Answers -- the site of protein synthesis
where amino acids join to form proteins
- can be free floating or connected to membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum structure and function - Correct Answers -- connects nuclear
membrane to cell membrane
- can be rough (ribosomes attached) or smooth
- surface provides a site for chemical reactions to take place
- channels allow movement and storage of molecules
golgi body / apparatus structure and function - Correct Answers -- looks like a series of
flattened membranes stacked on top of one another
- modifies proteins
- packages and secretes proteins (vesicles)
- receives proteins from ribosomes via the endoplasmic reticulum
lysosomes structure and function - Correct Answers -- contains digestive enzymes that
break down large molecules
- can join with vesicles to break down contents of vesicle
- breaks down worn out organelles
mitochondria structure and function - Correct Answers -- the site of cellular respiration
- it has a double membrane: the inner membrane is highly folded and convoluted which
increases the surface area available for cellular respiration
order of human systems - Correct Answers -cell --> tissue (e.g. muscular) --> organ
(e.g. heart) --> system (e.g. digestive system)
what are the 4 types of tissues? - Correct Answers -1. Epithelial
2. Muscular (skeletal, smooth + cardiac)
3. Nervous
4. connective
epithelial tissue - Correct Answers -A covering/lining tissue
function - protection
the cells in epithelial tissue are very close together and tightly packed to prevent the
entry of unwanted material.
1. squamous - usually lines blood vessels and body cavities. Regulate entry of material
into underlying tissue e.g. alveoli
2. columnar - long and thin cells e.g. small intestine, kidney
3. ciliated - microscopic hairs projecting from the epithelial tissue that increase surface
area. e.g. trachea lining
connective tissue - Correct Answers -function - provides support and holds body parts
together
cells are not close together
