WACE Human Biology Unit 3 and 4
Revision Exam with correct Answers
Define DNA sequencing ANSWERS Determining the exact order of the base pairs
in a segment of DNA.
Most frequently used method includes Sanger's Method - addition of synthetic
nucleotide that stop elongation of strand and bases are sequenced using
electrophoresis
Define Homeostasis ANSWERS the maintenance of relatively constant internal
environment despite the fluctuations in the external environment.
Define primates ANSWERS an order/category of mammals with flexible hands
and feet, forward looking eyes, and enlarged brains relative to body size
Exocrine gland ANSWERS a gland that releases its secretion through a duct. For
example, sweat through a sweat gland.
Type 2 Diabetes ANSWERS Is a metabolic condition whereby the body becomes
resistant to insulin, still allowing the body to produce it but is unable to use it effectively
to control blood glucose levels.
Triggered by a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental factors such
as lifestyle choices.
More commonly found/ developed through aduldhood.
Controlled by weight management, nutrition and exercise
Nervous System ANSWERS Is the communication system that is made up of a
network of nerve cells that acts as the control centre of the body. It is brocken down into
- Central NS
- Perioheral NS
Protection of the Central Nervous System (3) ANSWERS 1. Bone - vertebrae,
cranium
2. Meninges - dura, arachnoid, pura mater
3. Cerebrospinal fluid - produced by vesicles
,Sensory/Afferent Nervous System ANSWERS transmits information from
receptors to the central nervous system.
It can be further brocken down into
- Somatic sensory
-Visceral sensory
Define Thermoregulation ANSWERS refers to the maintenance of the balance
between heat loss and heat production.
Describe the role of the Liver in Blood Sugar Regulation ANSWERS it can covert
glucose into glycogen for storage OR convert glycogen into glucose for release
Define a Infectious Diseases ANSWERS are diseases that are caused by a
foreign organisms invading the body.
Define a Lymphocyte ANSWERS are cells involved in both non-specific and
specific defence. They are produced in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissue and are
transported in the blood and lymph vessels.
Define Species ANSWERS A group of individuals that may share many
characteristics and are able to reproduce under natural conditions to produce fertile
offspring
Ways in which allele frequencies are changed in a gene pool ( 6) ANSWERS 1.
Natural Selection
2. Random Genetic Drift
3. Founder Effect
4. Barriers to Gene Flow (geographical and socio-cultural)
5. Migration
6. Genetic disease
Define Homeothermic ANSWERS organisms that maintain a constant internal
temperature in a ever changing external environment
Endocrine Gland ANSWERS a gland that produces and secretes hormones
directly into extracellular fluid of the tissue. It is then transported around the body via the
bloodstream. For example, thyroid gland produces and secretes thyroxine.
Type 1 diabetes ANSWERS Is an autoimmune condition which involves the body's
immune system attacking its own pancreatic cells with antibodies resulting in the
destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. The Beta cells are
responsible for controlling glucose level by stimulating the uptake of glucose from blood
into storage for later use.
,Caused by genetic predisposition to the dysfunction, but can be triggered by
environmental factors.
Commonly develops through early childhood and adolescence (juvenile onset)
Controlled by insulin injections through the skin into fatty tissue via a spring, insulin pen
or pump.
central nervous system ANSWERS Consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal
nerves, and cranial nerves.
Cranium ANSWERS thick bone surrounding the brain and protects due to its
hardness and shape to glance off blows to prevent soft tissue damage.
Name 5 Processes Controlled by Homeostasis ANSWERS - Thermoregulation
- Osmoregulation
- Glucose Regulation
- Carbon dioxide and oxygen regulation
- Regulation of levels of metabolic waste
Somatic Sensory Nervous System ANSWERS receives sensory information from
skin, joints, skeletal muscles and special senses.
Describe the role of the Hepatic Portal Vein ANSWERS the vein carries blood rich
in glucose from the small and large intestines, stomach, pancreas, and spleen to the
liver.
Define Pathogens ANSWERS disease causing organisms
Define Marcophage ANSWERS is involved in both in non-specific and specific
immune defence. They are a large phagocyte that develops from a monocyte and are
able to consume foreign material by phagocytosis. They are involved in specific defence
by alerting the immune system to the presence of foreign material.
What are the applications for DNA sequencing? (1) ANSWERS Detection of
genetic disorders e.g. Sickle Cell Anaemia - gene mutation (one base substituted) or
Cystic Fibrosis (one codon deleted)
Define population ANSWERS Is a group of organisms of the same species living
together in a particular place at a particular time.
Effects of Natural on Allele Frequencies ANSWERS characteristics better suited to
the environment survive to reproduce, therefore increase in allele frequency in the gene
pool.
, Unfavourable alleles are lost because of lack of reproductive success, decrease in allele
frequency of the gene pool.
This results in change in allele frequency in the population
Define Hominid ANSWERS Includes both Greater apes and bipedals
Hormones ANSWERS are a chemical messenger that alters the functioning of
cells by changing the type, activities and/or quantities of proteins being produced by
target cells within the body.
Process of Recombinant DNA ANSWERS Recombinant DNA refers to a
technological process which involves the introduction of DNA into a vector, where the
DNA has been modified in some way to take advantage of the gene of interest.
• The insulin gene (Beta Cells) is identified within the human donor cell from the
pancreas.
• Insulin producing gene is isolated and extracted from the cell via by cutting the insulin
gene at the recognition site of using restrictive enzymes to perform a staggered cut to
either side of the insulin gene producing sticky ends (a strand of unpaired nucleotides).
• A plasmid, circular DNA from a bacterium (prokaryotic cell) is removed
• The plasmid is cut using the same restrictive enzyme to create the same
complementary sticky ends to that of the insulin gene.
• DNA Ligase is used to bond the ends of the insulin gene and plasmid together to form
the recombinant DNA for insulin production.
• The plasmid carrying the active insulin producing gene is inserted back into the
bacterium (vector).
• The bacterium carrying the recombinant gene is placed inside a fermentation tank
prior to harvesting which maintains optimal environmental conditions for reproduction.
• The bacterial cell reproduces by asexual reproduction forming clones allowing for the
mass production of insulin to be used to treat patients with Type 1 Diabetes.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) ANSWERS Nerve fibres (nerves) that connect
the Central Nervous system to receptors, muscles and glands.
Visceral Sensory Nervous System ANSWERS receives sensory information from
viscera (internal organs) e.g. cramps during ovulation due to ovaries contractions.
Revision Exam with correct Answers
Define DNA sequencing ANSWERS Determining the exact order of the base pairs
in a segment of DNA.
Most frequently used method includes Sanger's Method - addition of synthetic
nucleotide that stop elongation of strand and bases are sequenced using
electrophoresis
Define Homeostasis ANSWERS the maintenance of relatively constant internal
environment despite the fluctuations in the external environment.
Define primates ANSWERS an order/category of mammals with flexible hands
and feet, forward looking eyes, and enlarged brains relative to body size
Exocrine gland ANSWERS a gland that releases its secretion through a duct. For
example, sweat through a sweat gland.
Type 2 Diabetes ANSWERS Is a metabolic condition whereby the body becomes
resistant to insulin, still allowing the body to produce it but is unable to use it effectively
to control blood glucose levels.
Triggered by a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental factors such
as lifestyle choices.
More commonly found/ developed through aduldhood.
Controlled by weight management, nutrition and exercise
Nervous System ANSWERS Is the communication system that is made up of a
network of nerve cells that acts as the control centre of the body. It is brocken down into
- Central NS
- Perioheral NS
Protection of the Central Nervous System (3) ANSWERS 1. Bone - vertebrae,
cranium
2. Meninges - dura, arachnoid, pura mater
3. Cerebrospinal fluid - produced by vesicles
,Sensory/Afferent Nervous System ANSWERS transmits information from
receptors to the central nervous system.
It can be further brocken down into
- Somatic sensory
-Visceral sensory
Define Thermoregulation ANSWERS refers to the maintenance of the balance
between heat loss and heat production.
Describe the role of the Liver in Blood Sugar Regulation ANSWERS it can covert
glucose into glycogen for storage OR convert glycogen into glucose for release
Define a Infectious Diseases ANSWERS are diseases that are caused by a
foreign organisms invading the body.
Define a Lymphocyte ANSWERS are cells involved in both non-specific and
specific defence. They are produced in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissue and are
transported in the blood and lymph vessels.
Define Species ANSWERS A group of individuals that may share many
characteristics and are able to reproduce under natural conditions to produce fertile
offspring
Ways in which allele frequencies are changed in a gene pool ( 6) ANSWERS 1.
Natural Selection
2. Random Genetic Drift
3. Founder Effect
4. Barriers to Gene Flow (geographical and socio-cultural)
5. Migration
6. Genetic disease
Define Homeothermic ANSWERS organisms that maintain a constant internal
temperature in a ever changing external environment
Endocrine Gland ANSWERS a gland that produces and secretes hormones
directly into extracellular fluid of the tissue. It is then transported around the body via the
bloodstream. For example, thyroid gland produces and secretes thyroxine.
Type 1 diabetes ANSWERS Is an autoimmune condition which involves the body's
immune system attacking its own pancreatic cells with antibodies resulting in the
destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. The Beta cells are
responsible for controlling glucose level by stimulating the uptake of glucose from blood
into storage for later use.
,Caused by genetic predisposition to the dysfunction, but can be triggered by
environmental factors.
Commonly develops through early childhood and adolescence (juvenile onset)
Controlled by insulin injections through the skin into fatty tissue via a spring, insulin pen
or pump.
central nervous system ANSWERS Consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal
nerves, and cranial nerves.
Cranium ANSWERS thick bone surrounding the brain and protects due to its
hardness and shape to glance off blows to prevent soft tissue damage.
Name 5 Processes Controlled by Homeostasis ANSWERS - Thermoregulation
- Osmoregulation
- Glucose Regulation
- Carbon dioxide and oxygen regulation
- Regulation of levels of metabolic waste
Somatic Sensory Nervous System ANSWERS receives sensory information from
skin, joints, skeletal muscles and special senses.
Describe the role of the Hepatic Portal Vein ANSWERS the vein carries blood rich
in glucose from the small and large intestines, stomach, pancreas, and spleen to the
liver.
Define Pathogens ANSWERS disease causing organisms
Define Marcophage ANSWERS is involved in both in non-specific and specific
immune defence. They are a large phagocyte that develops from a monocyte and are
able to consume foreign material by phagocytosis. They are involved in specific defence
by alerting the immune system to the presence of foreign material.
What are the applications for DNA sequencing? (1) ANSWERS Detection of
genetic disorders e.g. Sickle Cell Anaemia - gene mutation (one base substituted) or
Cystic Fibrosis (one codon deleted)
Define population ANSWERS Is a group of organisms of the same species living
together in a particular place at a particular time.
Effects of Natural on Allele Frequencies ANSWERS characteristics better suited to
the environment survive to reproduce, therefore increase in allele frequency in the gene
pool.
, Unfavourable alleles are lost because of lack of reproductive success, decrease in allele
frequency of the gene pool.
This results in change in allele frequency in the population
Define Hominid ANSWERS Includes both Greater apes and bipedals
Hormones ANSWERS are a chemical messenger that alters the functioning of
cells by changing the type, activities and/or quantities of proteins being produced by
target cells within the body.
Process of Recombinant DNA ANSWERS Recombinant DNA refers to a
technological process which involves the introduction of DNA into a vector, where the
DNA has been modified in some way to take advantage of the gene of interest.
• The insulin gene (Beta Cells) is identified within the human donor cell from the
pancreas.
• Insulin producing gene is isolated and extracted from the cell via by cutting the insulin
gene at the recognition site of using restrictive enzymes to perform a staggered cut to
either side of the insulin gene producing sticky ends (a strand of unpaired nucleotides).
• A plasmid, circular DNA from a bacterium (prokaryotic cell) is removed
• The plasmid is cut using the same restrictive enzyme to create the same
complementary sticky ends to that of the insulin gene.
• DNA Ligase is used to bond the ends of the insulin gene and plasmid together to form
the recombinant DNA for insulin production.
• The plasmid carrying the active insulin producing gene is inserted back into the
bacterium (vector).
• The bacterium carrying the recombinant gene is placed inside a fermentation tank
prior to harvesting which maintains optimal environmental conditions for reproduction.
• The bacterial cell reproduces by asexual reproduction forming clones allowing for the
mass production of insulin to be used to treat patients with Type 1 Diabetes.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) ANSWERS Nerve fibres (nerves) that connect
the Central Nervous system to receptors, muscles and glands.
Visceral Sensory Nervous System ANSWERS receives sensory information from
viscera (internal organs) e.g. cramps during ovulation due to ovaries contractions.
