TEST BANK A Concise Introduction to Logic14
v v v v v v v
th Edition by Hurley
v v v
Chapter 1 to 14 v v v
,TABLE OF CONTENTS h h
Part I: INFORMAL LOGIC.
v v v
1. Basic Concepts. v
Arguments,vPremises,vandvConclusions.vExercise.vRecognizingvArguments.vExercise.vDeductionvandvInduction.vExercise.vValidity,vTruth,vSoundness,vS
ngth,vCogency.vExercise.vArgumentvForms:vProvingvInvalidity.vExercise.vExtendedvArguments.vExercise.
2. Language: Meaning and Definition. v v v
VarietiesvofvMeaning.vExercise.vThevIntensionvandvExtensionvofvTerms.vExercise.vDefinitionsvandvTheirvPurposes.vExercise.vDefinitionalvTechniques.vE
cise.vCriteriavforvLexicalvDefinitions.vExercise.
3. Informal Fallacies. v
FallaciesvinvGeneral.vExercise.vFallaciesvofvRelevance.vExercise.vFallaciesvofvWeakvInduction.vExercise.vFallaciesvofvPresumption,vAmbiguity,vandvIvl
vTransference.vExercise.vFallaciesvinvOrdinaryvLanguage.vExercise.
Part II: FORMAL LOGIC.
v v v
4. Categorical Propositions. v
ThevComponentsvofvCategoricalvPropositions.vExercise.vQuality,vQuantity,handvDistribution.vExercise.vVennvDiagramsvandvthevModernvSquarevofvO
position.vExercise.vConversion,vObversion,vandvContraposition.vExercise.vThevTraditionalvSquarevofvOpposition.vExercise.vVennvDiagramsvandvthev
ditionalvStandpoint.vExercise.vTranslatingvOrdinaryvLanguagevStatementsvintovCategoricalvForm.vExercise.
5. Categorical Syllogisms. v
StandardvForm,vMood,vandvFigure.vExercise.vVennvDiagrams.vExercise.vRulesvandvFallacies.vExercise.vReducingvthevNumbervofvTerms.vExercise.vOvr
aryvLanguagevArguments.vExercise.vEnthymemes.vExercise.vSorites.vExercise.
6. Propositional Logic. v
SymbolsvandvTranslation.vExercise.vTruthvFunctions.vExercise.vTruthvTablesvforvPropositions.vExercise.vTruthvTablesvforvArguments.vExercise.vIndirect
hvTables.vExercise.vArgumenthFormsvandvFallacies.vExercise.
7. Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic.
v v v v
RulesvofvImplicationvI.vExercise.vRulesvofhImplicationvII.vExercise.vRulesvofvReplacementhI.vExercise.vRulesvofvReplacementvII.vExercise.vConditionalvPrvo
Exercise.vIndirecthProof.vExercise.vProvingvLogicalvTruths.vExercise.
8. Predicate Logic. v
SymbolsvandvTranslation.vExercise.vUsingvthevRulesvofvInference.vExercise.vQuantifiervNegationvRule.vExercise.vConditionalvandvIndirectvProof.vExve
e.vProvingvInvalidity.vExercise.vRelationalvPredicateshandvOverlappingvQuantifiers.vExercise.vIdentity.vExercise.
Part III: INDUCTIVE LOGIC.
v v v
9. Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning.
v v v v v
AnalogicalvReasoning.vLegalvReasoning.vMoralvReasoning.vExercise.
,10. Causality and Mill's Methods.
v v v
"Cause"vandvNecessaryvandvSufficienthConditions.vMill'shFivevMethods.vMill'shMethodsvandvScience.vExercise.
11. Probability.
TheoriesvofvProbability.vThevProbabilityvCalculus.vExercise.
12. Statistical Reasoning.
v
EvaluatingvStatistics.vSamples.vThevMeaningvofv"Average."vDispersion.vGraphsvandvPictograms.vPercentages.vExercise.
13. Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning.
v
ThevHypotheticalvMethod.vHypotheticalvReasoning:vFourvExamplesvfromvScience.vThevProofvofvHypotheses.vThevTentativevAcceptancevofvHypothe
vExercise.
14. Science and Superstition.
v v
DistinguishingvBetweenvSciencevandvSuperstition.vEvidentiaryvSupport.vObjectivity.vIntegrity.vAbusingvScience.vExercise.vAnswe
rsvtovSelectedvExercises.
, Chapter 1 Test A
v v v
MULTIPLEvCHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS:vThevfollowingvselectionsvrelatevtovdistinguishingvargumentsvfromvnonargumentsvandvi
dentifyingvconclusions.vSelectvthevbestvanswervforveach.
1. Therevappearsvtovbevavgrowingvhappinessvgapvbetweenvmenvandvwomen.vWomenvtodayvarevworkingvmo
revandvrelaxingvless,vwhilevmenvarevworkingvlessvandvrelaxingvmore.vFortyvyearsvagovavtypicalvwoman
vspentv40vminutesvmorevpervweekvthanvthevtypicalvmanvperformingvanvactivityvconsideredvunpleasant.v
Today,vwithvmenvworkingvless,vthevgapvisv90vminutesvandvgrowing.
a. Argument;vconclusion:vTodayv...vthevgapvisv90vminutesvandvgrowing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;vconclusion:vFortyvyearsvagov...vanhactivityvconsideredvunpleasant.
d. Argument;vconclusion:vTherevappearsvtovbeh...vbetweenvmenvandvwomen.
e. Argument;vconclusion:vWomenvtodayvarevworkingvmorevandvrelaxingvless.
ANS:v D PTS:v 2
2. Leadvisvtoxic,vbuthdovyouvknowvwhy?vLeadvishtoxicvmainlyvbecausevitvpreferentiallyvreplacesvothervmetalsvi
nvbiochemicalvreactions.vInvsovdoingvitvinterferesvwithvthevproteinsvthatvregulatevbloodvpressurev(whichvcanv
causevdevelopmentvdelaysvinvchildrenvandvhighvbloodvpressurevinvadults),vhemevproductionv(whichvcanvle
advtovanemia),vandvspermvproduction.vLeadvalsovdisplacesvcalciumvinvthevreactionsvthatvtransmitvelectrica
lvimpulseshinvthevbrain,vwhichvdiminishesvthevabilityvtovthinkhandvrecallvinformation.
AnnevMarievHelmstine,v"YourvGuidevtovChemistry"
a. Argument;vconclusion:vItvinterferesvwithvthevproteinsv...vandvspermvproduction.
b. Argument;vconclusion:vLeadvishtoxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;vconclusion:vIthpreferentiallyvreplacesvothervmetalsvinvbiochemicalvreactions.
e. Argument;vconclusion:vLeadvalsovdisplacesvcalciumv...vrecallvinformation.
ANS:v C PTS:v 2
3. Aristotlevfocusedvonvclarifyingvthevconceptvofvvirtuevitself.vHevarguedvthatvitvwasvvirtuousvtovchoosevthevpro
pervamountvofvemotionvand/orvactionvcalledvforvinvavparticularvsituationvandvthatvextremesvofvemotio
nvandvactionvwerevvices.vInhallvcommunitiesvtherevarevsomevmenvofvpracticalvwisdomvwhovhavevthevcapacit
yvtovjudgevwisely.vAristotlevarguedvthatvtheyvhavevthevcapacityvtovfollowvthev"rightvrule"vwhatevervthevsit
uation.
DavidvCooper,vValuehPluralismvandvEthicalvChoice
a. Argument;vconclusion:vInvallvcommunitiesv...vcapacityvtovjudgevwisely.
b. Argument;vconclusion:vAristotlevfocusedvonvclarifyingvthevconcepthofvvirtuevitself.
c. Argument;vconclusion:vTheyvhavevthevcapacityvtovfollowv...vthevsituation.
d. Argument;vconclusion:vHevarguedvthatvitvwasvvirtuousv...vwerevvices
e. Nonargument.
ANS:v E PTS:v 2
4. Illegalvimmigrantsvpayvlocalvsalesvtaxes,vandvmanyvofvthemvalsovpayvstate,vlocal,vandvfederalvincomevtaxvan
dvSocialvSecurityvtax.vTheyvalsovpurchasevitemsvfromvlocalvmerchants,vincreasingvthevamountvthesevmerch
antsvpayvinvtaxes.vInvaddition,vtheyvworkhforvlowvsalaries,vwhichvincreasesvthevearningsvofvtheirvemployersvan
dvthevamountvofvtaxesvthesevemployersvpay.vThus,vitvisvnotvcorrectvtovsayvthatvillegalvimmigrantshcontribut
evnothingvtovthevcommunitieshinvwhichvtheyvlive.
a. Argument;vconclusion:vItvisvnotvcorrectvtovsayv...vcommunitiesvinvwhichvtheyvlive.
1
v v v v v v v
th Edition by Hurley
v v v
Chapter 1 to 14 v v v
,TABLE OF CONTENTS h h
Part I: INFORMAL LOGIC.
v v v
1. Basic Concepts. v
Arguments,vPremises,vandvConclusions.vExercise.vRecognizingvArguments.vExercise.vDeductionvandvInduction.vExercise.vValidity,vTruth,vSoundness,vS
ngth,vCogency.vExercise.vArgumentvForms:vProvingvInvalidity.vExercise.vExtendedvArguments.vExercise.
2. Language: Meaning and Definition. v v v
VarietiesvofvMeaning.vExercise.vThevIntensionvandvExtensionvofvTerms.vExercise.vDefinitionsvandvTheirvPurposes.vExercise.vDefinitionalvTechniques.vE
cise.vCriteriavforvLexicalvDefinitions.vExercise.
3. Informal Fallacies. v
FallaciesvinvGeneral.vExercise.vFallaciesvofvRelevance.vExercise.vFallaciesvofvWeakvInduction.vExercise.vFallaciesvofvPresumption,vAmbiguity,vandvIvl
vTransference.vExercise.vFallaciesvinvOrdinaryvLanguage.vExercise.
Part II: FORMAL LOGIC.
v v v
4. Categorical Propositions. v
ThevComponentsvofvCategoricalvPropositions.vExercise.vQuality,vQuantity,handvDistribution.vExercise.vVennvDiagramsvandvthevModernvSquarevofvO
position.vExercise.vConversion,vObversion,vandvContraposition.vExercise.vThevTraditionalvSquarevofvOpposition.vExercise.vVennvDiagramsvandvthev
ditionalvStandpoint.vExercise.vTranslatingvOrdinaryvLanguagevStatementsvintovCategoricalvForm.vExercise.
5. Categorical Syllogisms. v
StandardvForm,vMood,vandvFigure.vExercise.vVennvDiagrams.vExercise.vRulesvandvFallacies.vExercise.vReducingvthevNumbervofvTerms.vExercise.vOvr
aryvLanguagevArguments.vExercise.vEnthymemes.vExercise.vSorites.vExercise.
6. Propositional Logic. v
SymbolsvandvTranslation.vExercise.vTruthvFunctions.vExercise.vTruthvTablesvforvPropositions.vExercise.vTruthvTablesvforvArguments.vExercise.vIndirect
hvTables.vExercise.vArgumenthFormsvandvFallacies.vExercise.
7. Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic.
v v v v
RulesvofvImplicationvI.vExercise.vRulesvofhImplicationvII.vExercise.vRulesvofvReplacementhI.vExercise.vRulesvofvReplacementvII.vExercise.vConditionalvPrvo
Exercise.vIndirecthProof.vExercise.vProvingvLogicalvTruths.vExercise.
8. Predicate Logic. v
SymbolsvandvTranslation.vExercise.vUsingvthevRulesvofvInference.vExercise.vQuantifiervNegationvRule.vExercise.vConditionalvandvIndirectvProof.vExve
e.vProvingvInvalidity.vExercise.vRelationalvPredicateshandvOverlappingvQuantifiers.vExercise.vIdentity.vExercise.
Part III: INDUCTIVE LOGIC.
v v v
9. Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning.
v v v v v
AnalogicalvReasoning.vLegalvReasoning.vMoralvReasoning.vExercise.
,10. Causality and Mill's Methods.
v v v
"Cause"vandvNecessaryvandvSufficienthConditions.vMill'shFivevMethods.vMill'shMethodsvandvScience.vExercise.
11. Probability.
TheoriesvofvProbability.vThevProbabilityvCalculus.vExercise.
12. Statistical Reasoning.
v
EvaluatingvStatistics.vSamples.vThevMeaningvofv"Average."vDispersion.vGraphsvandvPictograms.vPercentages.vExercise.
13. Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning.
v
ThevHypotheticalvMethod.vHypotheticalvReasoning:vFourvExamplesvfromvScience.vThevProofvofvHypotheses.vThevTentativevAcceptancevofvHypothe
vExercise.
14. Science and Superstition.
v v
DistinguishingvBetweenvSciencevandvSuperstition.vEvidentiaryvSupport.vObjectivity.vIntegrity.vAbusingvScience.vExercise.vAnswe
rsvtovSelectedvExercises.
, Chapter 1 Test A
v v v
MULTIPLEvCHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS:vThevfollowingvselectionsvrelatevtovdistinguishingvargumentsvfromvnonargumentsvandvi
dentifyingvconclusions.vSelectvthevbestvanswervforveach.
1. Therevappearsvtovbevavgrowingvhappinessvgapvbetweenvmenvandvwomen.vWomenvtodayvarevworkingvmo
revandvrelaxingvless,vwhilevmenvarevworkingvlessvandvrelaxingvmore.vFortyvyearsvagovavtypicalvwoman
vspentv40vminutesvmorevpervweekvthanvthevtypicalvmanvperformingvanvactivityvconsideredvunpleasant.v
Today,vwithvmenvworkingvless,vthevgapvisv90vminutesvandvgrowing.
a. Argument;vconclusion:vTodayv...vthevgapvisv90vminutesvandvgrowing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;vconclusion:vFortyvyearsvagov...vanhactivityvconsideredvunpleasant.
d. Argument;vconclusion:vTherevappearsvtovbeh...vbetweenvmenvandvwomen.
e. Argument;vconclusion:vWomenvtodayvarevworkingvmorevandvrelaxingvless.
ANS:v D PTS:v 2
2. Leadvisvtoxic,vbuthdovyouvknowvwhy?vLeadvishtoxicvmainlyvbecausevitvpreferentiallyvreplacesvothervmetalsvi
nvbiochemicalvreactions.vInvsovdoingvitvinterferesvwithvthevproteinsvthatvregulatevbloodvpressurev(whichvcanv
causevdevelopmentvdelaysvinvchildrenvandvhighvbloodvpressurevinvadults),vhemevproductionv(whichvcanvle
advtovanemia),vandvspermvproduction.vLeadvalsovdisplacesvcalciumvinvthevreactionsvthatvtransmitvelectrica
lvimpulseshinvthevbrain,vwhichvdiminishesvthevabilityvtovthinkhandvrecallvinformation.
AnnevMarievHelmstine,v"YourvGuidevtovChemistry"
a. Argument;vconclusion:vItvinterferesvwithvthevproteinsv...vandvspermvproduction.
b. Argument;vconclusion:vLeadvishtoxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;vconclusion:vIthpreferentiallyvreplacesvothervmetalsvinvbiochemicalvreactions.
e. Argument;vconclusion:vLeadvalsovdisplacesvcalciumv...vrecallvinformation.
ANS:v C PTS:v 2
3. Aristotlevfocusedvonvclarifyingvthevconceptvofvvirtuevitself.vHevarguedvthatvitvwasvvirtuousvtovchoosevthevpro
pervamountvofvemotionvand/orvactionvcalledvforvinvavparticularvsituationvandvthatvextremesvofvemotio
nvandvactionvwerevvices.vInhallvcommunitiesvtherevarevsomevmenvofvpracticalvwisdomvwhovhavevthevcapacit
yvtovjudgevwisely.vAristotlevarguedvthatvtheyvhavevthevcapacityvtovfollowvthev"rightvrule"vwhatevervthevsit
uation.
DavidvCooper,vValuehPluralismvandvEthicalvChoice
a. Argument;vconclusion:vInvallvcommunitiesv...vcapacityvtovjudgevwisely.
b. Argument;vconclusion:vAristotlevfocusedvonvclarifyingvthevconcepthofvvirtuevitself.
c. Argument;vconclusion:vTheyvhavevthevcapacityvtovfollowv...vthevsituation.
d. Argument;vconclusion:vHevarguedvthatvitvwasvvirtuousv...vwerevvices
e. Nonargument.
ANS:v E PTS:v 2
4. Illegalvimmigrantsvpayvlocalvsalesvtaxes,vandvmanyvofvthemvalsovpayvstate,vlocal,vandvfederalvincomevtaxvan
dvSocialvSecurityvtax.vTheyvalsovpurchasevitemsvfromvlocalvmerchants,vincreasingvthevamountvthesevmerch
antsvpayvinvtaxes.vInvaddition,vtheyvworkhforvlowvsalaries,vwhichvincreasesvthevearningsvofvtheirvemployersvan
dvthevamountvofvtaxesvthesevemployersvpay.vThus,vitvisvnotvcorrectvtovsayvthatvillegalvimmigrantshcontribut
evnothingvtovthevcommunitieshinvwhichvtheyvlive.
a. Argument;vconclusion:vItvisvnotvcorrectvtovsayv...vcommunitiesvinvwhichvtheyvlive.
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