TEST BANK A Concise Introduction to Logic14
n n n n n n n
th Edition by Hurley
n n n
Chapter 1 to 14 n n n
,TABLE OF CONTENTS h h
Part I: INFORMAL LOGIC.
n n n
1. Basic Concepts. n
Arguments,nPremises,nandnConclusions.nExercise.nRecognizingnArguments.nExercise.nDeductionnandnInduction.nExercise.nValidity,nTruth,nSoundness,nS
ngth,nCogency.nExercise.nArgumentnForms:nProvingnInvalidity.nExercise.nExtendednArguments.nExercise.
2. Language: Meaning and Definition. n n n
VarietiesnofnMeaning.nExercise.nThenIntensionnandnExtensionnofnTerms.nExercise.nDefinitionsnandnTheirnPurposes.nExercise.nDefinitionalnTechniques.nE
cise.nCriterianfornLexicalnDefinitions.nExercise.
3. Informal Fallacies. n
FallaciesninnGeneral.nExercise.nFallaciesnofnRelevance.nExercise.nFallaciesnofnWeaknInduction.nExercise.nFallaciesnofnPresumption,nAmbiguity,nandnInl
nTransference.nExercise.nFallaciesninnOrdinarynLanguage.nExercise.
Part II: FORMAL LOGIC.
n n n
4. Categorical Propositions. n
ThenComponentsnofnCategoricalnPropositions.nExercise.nQuality,nQuantity,handnDistribution.nExercise.nVennnDiagramsnandnthenModernnSquarenofnO
position.nExercise.nConversion,nObversion,nandnContraposition.nExercise.nThenTraditionalnSquarenofnOpposition.nExercise.nVennnDiagramsnandnthen
ditionalnStandpoint.nExercise.nTranslatingnOrdinarynLanguagenStatementsnintonCategoricalnForm.nExercise.
5. Categorical Syllogisms. n
StandardnForm,nMood,nandnFigure.nExercise.nVennnDiagrams.nExercise.nRulesnandnFallacies.nExercise.nReducingnthenNumbernofnTerms.nExercise.nOnr
arynLanguagenArguments.nExercise.nEnthymemes.nExercise.nSorites.nExercise.
6. Propositional Logic. n
SymbolsnandnTranslation.nExercise.nTruthnFunctions.nExercise.nTruthnTablesnfornPropositions.nExercise.nTruthnTablesnfornArguments.nExercise.nIndirect
hnTables.nExercise.nArgumenthFormsnandnFallacies.nExercise.
7. Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic.
n n n n
RulesnofnImplicationnI.nExercise.nRulesnofhImplicationnII.nExercise.nRulesnofnReplacementhI.nExercise.nRulesnofnReplacementnII.nExercise.nConditionalnPrno
Exercise.nIndirecthProof.nExercise.nProvingnLogicalnTruths.nExercise.
8. Predicate Logic. n
SymbolsnandnTranslation.nExercise.nUsingnthenRulesnofnInference.nExercise.nQuantifiernNegationnRule.nExercise.nConditionalnandnIndirectnProof.nExne
e.nProvingnInvalidity.nExercise.nRelationalnPredicateshandnOverlappingnQuantifiers.nExercise.nIdentity.nExercise.
Part III: INDUCTIVE LOGIC.
n n n
9. Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning.
n n n n n
AnalogicalnReasoning.nLegalnReasoning.nMoralnReasoning.nExercise.
,10. Causality and Mill's Methods.
n n n
"Cause"nandnNecessarynandnSufficienthConditions.nMill'shFivenMethods.nMill'shMethodsnandnScience.nExercise.
11. Probability.
TheoriesnofnProbability.nThenProbabilitynCalculus.nExercise.
12. Statistical Reasoning.
n
EvaluatingnStatistics.nSamples.nThenMeaningnofn"Average."nDispersion.nGraphsnandnPictograms.nPercentages.nExercise.
13. Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning.
n
ThenHypotheticalnMethod.nHypotheticalnReasoning:nFournExamplesnfromnScience.nThenProofnofnHypotheses.nThenTentativenAcceptancenofnHypothe
nExercise.
14. Science and Superstition.
n n
DistinguishingnBetweennSciencenandnSuperstition.nEvidentiarynSupport.nObjectivity.nIntegrity.nAbusingnScience.nExercise.nAnswe
rsntonSelectednExercises.
, Chapter 1 Test A
n n n
MULTIPLEnCHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS:nThenfollowingnselectionsnrelatentondistinguishingnargumentsnfromnnonargumentsnandni
dentifyingnconclusions.nSelectnthenbestnanswernforneach.
1. Therenappearsntonbenangrowingnhappinessngapnbetweennmennandnwomen.nWomenntodaynarenworkingnmo
renandnrelaxingnless,nwhilenmennarenworkingnlessnandnrelaxingnmore.nFortynyearsnagonantypicalnwoman
nspentn40nminutesnmorenpernweeknthannthentypicalnmannperformingnannactivitynconsiderednunpleasant.n
Today,nwithnmennworkingnless,nthengapnisn90nminutesnandngrowing.
a. Argument;nconclusion:nTodayn...nthengapnisn90nminutesnandngrowing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nFortynyearsnagon...nanhactivitynconsiderednunpleasant.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nTherenappearsntonbeh...nbetweennmennandnwomen.
e. Argument;nconclusion:nWomenntodaynarenworkingnmorenandnrelaxingnless.
ANS:n D PTS:n 2
2. Leadnisntoxic,nbuthdonyounknownwhy?nLeadnishtoxicnmainlynbecausenitnpreferentiallynreplacesnothernmetalsni
nnbiochemicalnreactions.nInnsondoingnitninterferesnwithnthenproteinsnthatnregulatenbloodnpressuren(whichncann
causendevelopmentndelaysninnchildrennandnhighnbloodnpressureninnadults),nhemenproductionn(whichncannle
adntonanemia),nandnspermnproduction.nLeadnalsondisplacesncalciumninnthenreactionsnthatntransmitnelectrica
lnimpulseshinnthenbrain,nwhichndiminishesnthenabilityntonthinkhandnrecallninformation.
AnnenMarienHelmstine,n"YournGuidentonChemistry"
a. Argument;nconclusion:nItninterferesnwithnthenproteinsn...nandnspermnproduction.
b. Argument;nconclusion:nLeadnishtoxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nIthpreferentiallynreplacesnothernmetalsninnbiochemicalnreactions.
e. Argument;nconclusion:nLeadnalsondisplacesncalciumn...nrecallninformation.
ANS:n C PTS:n 2
3. Aristotlenfocusednonnclarifyingnthenconceptnofnvirtuenitself.nHenarguednthatnitnwasnvirtuousntonchoosenthenpro
pernamountnofnemotionnand/ornactionncallednforninnanparticularnsituationnandnthatnextremesnofnemotio
nnandnactionnwerenvices.nInhallncommunitiesntherenarensomenmennofnpracticalnwisdomnwhonhaventhencapacit
yntonjudgenwisely.nAristotlenarguednthatntheynhaventhencapacityntonfollownthen"rightnrule"nwhatevernthensit
uation.
DavidnCooper,nValuehPluralismnandnEthicalnChoice
a. Argument;nconclusion:nInnallncommunitiesn...ncapacityntonjudgenwisely.
b. Argument;nconclusion:nAristotlenfocusednonnclarifyingnthenconcepthofnvirtuenitself.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nTheynhaventhencapacityntonfollown...nthensituation.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nHenarguednthatnitnwasnvirtuousn...nwerenvices
e. Nonargument.
ANS:n E PTS:n 2
4. Illegalnimmigrantsnpaynlocalnsalesntaxes,nandnmanynofnthemnalsonpaynstate,nlocal,nandnfederalnincomentaxnan
dnSocialnSecurityntax.nTheynalsonpurchasenitemsnfromnlocalnmerchants,nincreasingnthenamountnthesenmerch
antsnpayninntaxes.nInnaddition,ntheynworkhfornlownsalaries,nwhichnincreasesnthenearningsnofntheirnemployersnan
dnthenamountnofntaxesnthesenemployersnpay.nThus,nitnisnnotncorrectntonsaynthatnillegalnimmigrantshcontribut
ennothingntonthencommunitieshinnwhichntheynlive.
a. Argument;nconclusion:nItnisnnotncorrectntonsayn...ncommunitiesninnwhichntheynlive.
1
n n n n n n n
th Edition by Hurley
n n n
Chapter 1 to 14 n n n
,TABLE OF CONTENTS h h
Part I: INFORMAL LOGIC.
n n n
1. Basic Concepts. n
Arguments,nPremises,nandnConclusions.nExercise.nRecognizingnArguments.nExercise.nDeductionnandnInduction.nExercise.nValidity,nTruth,nSoundness,nS
ngth,nCogency.nExercise.nArgumentnForms:nProvingnInvalidity.nExercise.nExtendednArguments.nExercise.
2. Language: Meaning and Definition. n n n
VarietiesnofnMeaning.nExercise.nThenIntensionnandnExtensionnofnTerms.nExercise.nDefinitionsnandnTheirnPurposes.nExercise.nDefinitionalnTechniques.nE
cise.nCriterianfornLexicalnDefinitions.nExercise.
3. Informal Fallacies. n
FallaciesninnGeneral.nExercise.nFallaciesnofnRelevance.nExercise.nFallaciesnofnWeaknInduction.nExercise.nFallaciesnofnPresumption,nAmbiguity,nandnInl
nTransference.nExercise.nFallaciesninnOrdinarynLanguage.nExercise.
Part II: FORMAL LOGIC.
n n n
4. Categorical Propositions. n
ThenComponentsnofnCategoricalnPropositions.nExercise.nQuality,nQuantity,handnDistribution.nExercise.nVennnDiagramsnandnthenModernnSquarenofnO
position.nExercise.nConversion,nObversion,nandnContraposition.nExercise.nThenTraditionalnSquarenofnOpposition.nExercise.nVennnDiagramsnandnthen
ditionalnStandpoint.nExercise.nTranslatingnOrdinarynLanguagenStatementsnintonCategoricalnForm.nExercise.
5. Categorical Syllogisms. n
StandardnForm,nMood,nandnFigure.nExercise.nVennnDiagrams.nExercise.nRulesnandnFallacies.nExercise.nReducingnthenNumbernofnTerms.nExercise.nOnr
arynLanguagenArguments.nExercise.nEnthymemes.nExercise.nSorites.nExercise.
6. Propositional Logic. n
SymbolsnandnTranslation.nExercise.nTruthnFunctions.nExercise.nTruthnTablesnfornPropositions.nExercise.nTruthnTablesnfornArguments.nExercise.nIndirect
hnTables.nExercise.nArgumenthFormsnandnFallacies.nExercise.
7. Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic.
n n n n
RulesnofnImplicationnI.nExercise.nRulesnofhImplicationnII.nExercise.nRulesnofnReplacementhI.nExercise.nRulesnofnReplacementnII.nExercise.nConditionalnPrno
Exercise.nIndirecthProof.nExercise.nProvingnLogicalnTruths.nExercise.
8. Predicate Logic. n
SymbolsnandnTranslation.nExercise.nUsingnthenRulesnofnInference.nExercise.nQuantifiernNegationnRule.nExercise.nConditionalnandnIndirectnProof.nExne
e.nProvingnInvalidity.nExercise.nRelationalnPredicateshandnOverlappingnQuantifiers.nExercise.nIdentity.nExercise.
Part III: INDUCTIVE LOGIC.
n n n
9. Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning.
n n n n n
AnalogicalnReasoning.nLegalnReasoning.nMoralnReasoning.nExercise.
,10. Causality and Mill's Methods.
n n n
"Cause"nandnNecessarynandnSufficienthConditions.nMill'shFivenMethods.nMill'shMethodsnandnScience.nExercise.
11. Probability.
TheoriesnofnProbability.nThenProbabilitynCalculus.nExercise.
12. Statistical Reasoning.
n
EvaluatingnStatistics.nSamples.nThenMeaningnofn"Average."nDispersion.nGraphsnandnPictograms.nPercentages.nExercise.
13. Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning.
n
ThenHypotheticalnMethod.nHypotheticalnReasoning:nFournExamplesnfromnScience.nThenProofnofnHypotheses.nThenTentativenAcceptancenofnHypothe
nExercise.
14. Science and Superstition.
n n
DistinguishingnBetweennSciencenandnSuperstition.nEvidentiarynSupport.nObjectivity.nIntegrity.nAbusingnScience.nExercise.nAnswe
rsntonSelectednExercises.
, Chapter 1 Test A
n n n
MULTIPLEnCHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS:nThenfollowingnselectionsnrelatentondistinguishingnargumentsnfromnnonargumentsnandni
dentifyingnconclusions.nSelectnthenbestnanswernforneach.
1. Therenappearsntonbenangrowingnhappinessngapnbetweennmennandnwomen.nWomenntodaynarenworkingnmo
renandnrelaxingnless,nwhilenmennarenworkingnlessnandnrelaxingnmore.nFortynyearsnagonantypicalnwoman
nspentn40nminutesnmorenpernweeknthannthentypicalnmannperformingnannactivitynconsiderednunpleasant.n
Today,nwithnmennworkingnless,nthengapnisn90nminutesnandngrowing.
a. Argument;nconclusion:nTodayn...nthengapnisn90nminutesnandngrowing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nFortynyearsnagon...nanhactivitynconsiderednunpleasant.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nTherenappearsntonbeh...nbetweennmennandnwomen.
e. Argument;nconclusion:nWomenntodaynarenworkingnmorenandnrelaxingnless.
ANS:n D PTS:n 2
2. Leadnisntoxic,nbuthdonyounknownwhy?nLeadnishtoxicnmainlynbecausenitnpreferentiallynreplacesnothernmetalsni
nnbiochemicalnreactions.nInnsondoingnitninterferesnwithnthenproteinsnthatnregulatenbloodnpressuren(whichncann
causendevelopmentndelaysninnchildrennandnhighnbloodnpressureninnadults),nhemenproductionn(whichncannle
adntonanemia),nandnspermnproduction.nLeadnalsondisplacesncalciumninnthenreactionsnthatntransmitnelectrica
lnimpulseshinnthenbrain,nwhichndiminishesnthenabilityntonthinkhandnrecallninformation.
AnnenMarienHelmstine,n"YournGuidentonChemistry"
a. Argument;nconclusion:nItninterferesnwithnthenproteinsn...nandnspermnproduction.
b. Argument;nconclusion:nLeadnishtoxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nIthpreferentiallynreplacesnothernmetalsninnbiochemicalnreactions.
e. Argument;nconclusion:nLeadnalsondisplacesncalciumn...nrecallninformation.
ANS:n C PTS:n 2
3. Aristotlenfocusednonnclarifyingnthenconceptnofnvirtuenitself.nHenarguednthatnitnwasnvirtuousntonchoosenthenpro
pernamountnofnemotionnand/ornactionncallednforninnanparticularnsituationnandnthatnextremesnofnemotio
nnandnactionnwerenvices.nInhallncommunitiesntherenarensomenmennofnpracticalnwisdomnwhonhaventhencapacit
yntonjudgenwisely.nAristotlenarguednthatntheynhaventhencapacityntonfollownthen"rightnrule"nwhatevernthensit
uation.
DavidnCooper,nValuehPluralismnandnEthicalnChoice
a. Argument;nconclusion:nInnallncommunitiesn...ncapacityntonjudgenwisely.
b. Argument;nconclusion:nAristotlenfocusednonnclarifyingnthenconcepthofnvirtuenitself.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nTheynhaventhencapacityntonfollown...nthensituation.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nHenarguednthatnitnwasnvirtuousn...nwerenvices
e. Nonargument.
ANS:n E PTS:n 2
4. Illegalnimmigrantsnpaynlocalnsalesntaxes,nandnmanynofnthemnalsonpaynstate,nlocal,nandnfederalnincomentaxnan
dnSocialnSecurityntax.nTheynalsonpurchasenitemsnfromnlocalnmerchants,nincreasingnthenamountnthesenmerch
antsnpayninntaxes.nInnaddition,ntheynworkhfornlownsalaries,nwhichnincreasesnthenearningsnofntheirnemployersnan
dnthenamountnofntaxesnthesenemployersnpay.nThus,nitnisnnotncorrectntonsaynthatnillegalnimmigrantshcontribut
ennothingntonthencommunitieshinnwhichntheynlive.
a. Argument;nconclusion:nItnisnnotncorrectntonsayn...ncommunitiesninnwhichntheynlive.
1
