FTCE ESOL Test List questions with
verified answers rated A+
Universal Grammar - correct answer ✔✔Chomsky-no dialect or language is more complex or
sophisticated than the other. We are all born with the capacity to learn any language w/o formal
instruction
LAD - correct answer ✔✔Language Acquisition Device
Generative Grammar - correct answer ✔✔set of rules that could be used to produce language
Deep Structure - correct answer ✔✔our ideas, what we mean-derive meaning from social context
Surface Structure - correct answer ✔✔what we say or write-literal meaning of words
Natural Order Hypothesis - correct answer ✔✔Krashen- grammatical structures aquired in a predictable
order, independent of the order grammar is taught
Stages of SLA - correct answer ✔✔Krashen-Pre-production (silent period), early production, speech
emergence, intermediate fluency, advanced fluency
Monitor Hypothesis - correct answer ✔✔Krashen-learning is a concious process and used to monitor
spoken or written output
Input Hypothesis/Comprehensible Input - correct answer ✔✔Krashen-i+1, language input slightly above
current level yields optimal growth
Affective Filter - correct answer ✔✔Krashen-mental block can be produced by negative factors such as
anxiety, low motivation, self confidence
,Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - correct answer ✔✔Vygotsky-distance between developmental
level and level of potential development. Area between independent performance and assisted
performance
Communicative Competence - correct answer ✔✔learner's abiity to apply and use grammatical uses,
form correct utterances and know how and when to use them appropriately
Language Interference - correct answer ✔✔effect of L1 on production of L2
Negative Transfer - correct answer ✔✔interference of previous learning inprocess of learning something
new
Interlanguage - correct answer ✔✔language system "inbetween" L1 & L2 that student develops while
learning the L2 but is neither L1 or L2
SUP - correct answer ✔✔Social underlying proficiency (conversational language)
CUP - correct answer ✔✔Common underlying proficiency - commonalities between L1 & L2, skills, ideas,
concepts that students learn in L1 transfer to L2
BICS - correct answer ✔✔Cummins-Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills - social setting language
skills
CALP - correct answer ✔✔Cummins-Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency - languatge needed to
acquire academic skills and concepts
Cummins Quadrant - correct answer ✔✔A-cognitively undemanding/context embedded; B-cognitively
demanding/context embedded; C-cognitively undemanding/context reduced; D-cognitively
demanding/context reduced
Phoneme - correct answer ✔✔class of speech sounds, ie. /t/
, Allophone - correct answer ✔✔one of a phones that make up a phoneme, ie. /t/ -> [t], [th], [ſ]
Monothong - correct answer ✔✔one part vowel
Diphthong - correct answer ✔✔two part vowels consisting of a vowel and a glide in same syllable
Reduced Vowel - correct answer ✔✔occurs in unstressed word or syllable -schwa most common
Phonology - correct answer ✔✔organization of speech sounds
Homophone - correct answer ✔✔two words pronounced the same but different meaning, ie. carrot &
carat
Homonym - correct answer ✔✔two words spelled the same but that mean different things, ie. left & left
Contrastive - correct answer ✔✔change of meaning by replacing one sound (phoneme) with another
Non-Contrastive - correct answer ✔✔change in sound (phoneme) does not change the meaning
Minimal Pair - correct answer ✔✔two words w/ different meanings that are pronounced the same
except for one sound that differs, ie. team & teen
Palatization - correct answer ✔✔when a consonant becomes like a neighboring sound, ie. [d]->[dЗ], did
you eat
Digraph - correct answer ✔✔single sound represented by two letters, ie. siNG -> ŋ
Consonant Digraph - correct answer ✔✔ch, sh, th, wh
verified answers rated A+
Universal Grammar - correct answer ✔✔Chomsky-no dialect or language is more complex or
sophisticated than the other. We are all born with the capacity to learn any language w/o formal
instruction
LAD - correct answer ✔✔Language Acquisition Device
Generative Grammar - correct answer ✔✔set of rules that could be used to produce language
Deep Structure - correct answer ✔✔our ideas, what we mean-derive meaning from social context
Surface Structure - correct answer ✔✔what we say or write-literal meaning of words
Natural Order Hypothesis - correct answer ✔✔Krashen- grammatical structures aquired in a predictable
order, independent of the order grammar is taught
Stages of SLA - correct answer ✔✔Krashen-Pre-production (silent period), early production, speech
emergence, intermediate fluency, advanced fluency
Monitor Hypothesis - correct answer ✔✔Krashen-learning is a concious process and used to monitor
spoken or written output
Input Hypothesis/Comprehensible Input - correct answer ✔✔Krashen-i+1, language input slightly above
current level yields optimal growth
Affective Filter - correct answer ✔✔Krashen-mental block can be produced by negative factors such as
anxiety, low motivation, self confidence
,Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - correct answer ✔✔Vygotsky-distance between developmental
level and level of potential development. Area between independent performance and assisted
performance
Communicative Competence - correct answer ✔✔learner's abiity to apply and use grammatical uses,
form correct utterances and know how and when to use them appropriately
Language Interference - correct answer ✔✔effect of L1 on production of L2
Negative Transfer - correct answer ✔✔interference of previous learning inprocess of learning something
new
Interlanguage - correct answer ✔✔language system "inbetween" L1 & L2 that student develops while
learning the L2 but is neither L1 or L2
SUP - correct answer ✔✔Social underlying proficiency (conversational language)
CUP - correct answer ✔✔Common underlying proficiency - commonalities between L1 & L2, skills, ideas,
concepts that students learn in L1 transfer to L2
BICS - correct answer ✔✔Cummins-Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills - social setting language
skills
CALP - correct answer ✔✔Cummins-Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency - languatge needed to
acquire academic skills and concepts
Cummins Quadrant - correct answer ✔✔A-cognitively undemanding/context embedded; B-cognitively
demanding/context embedded; C-cognitively undemanding/context reduced; D-cognitively
demanding/context reduced
Phoneme - correct answer ✔✔class of speech sounds, ie. /t/
, Allophone - correct answer ✔✔one of a phones that make up a phoneme, ie. /t/ -> [t], [th], [ſ]
Monothong - correct answer ✔✔one part vowel
Diphthong - correct answer ✔✔two part vowels consisting of a vowel and a glide in same syllable
Reduced Vowel - correct answer ✔✔occurs in unstressed word or syllable -schwa most common
Phonology - correct answer ✔✔organization of speech sounds
Homophone - correct answer ✔✔two words pronounced the same but different meaning, ie. carrot &
carat
Homonym - correct answer ✔✔two words spelled the same but that mean different things, ie. left & left
Contrastive - correct answer ✔✔change of meaning by replacing one sound (phoneme) with another
Non-Contrastive - correct answer ✔✔change in sound (phoneme) does not change the meaning
Minimal Pair - correct answer ✔✔two words w/ different meanings that are pronounced the same
except for one sound that differs, ie. team & teen
Palatization - correct answer ✔✔when a consonant becomes like a neighboring sound, ie. [d]->[dЗ], did
you eat
Digraph - correct answer ✔✔single sound represented by two letters, ie. siNG -> ŋ
Consonant Digraph - correct answer ✔✔ch, sh, th, wh
